Ray Bradbury Comparative Paper Essay Example for Free

Ray Bradbury Comparative Paper EssayRay Bradbury, well-known American author, playwright, and poet, created his success on no more than his high school diploma. He did, however, learn many valuable lessons in life which he incorporates in his works. Ray Bradbury uses figurative language such as irony, personification, and imagery to artistically make up his vision of lifes morals. Bradburys use of irony in his pieces establishes how mankind commonly contradicts himself.In The Veldt, George and Lydia hear screams that sound familiar further ignore them. The couple also finds their wallet and masturbate and disregards how these items were chewed and covered in blood when they found them. George and Lydia receive their last clue when they enter the nursery and regulate the lions in the background feasting on an unknown prey. Theyve just been eating except they dont know what. Ray Bradbury turns these foreshadowing events into irony when the parents are killed by the lions.It is ironic that they have seen the lions devouring something, saw the wallet and scarf, and heard the screams but do not realize that they were the lions meal and it was their screams that they heard and the scarf and wallet were chewed by the lions and covered in their own blood.Bradbury also uses irony in the Happiness Machine. Leo Auffmann created a machine which he claimed brought happiness to the occupant. He convinced his wife to try it on but when she got out she shouted, It lies, that Sadness Machine. This is ironic because what Leo thought was a Happiness Machine is really a Sadness Machine.Leo then finds that true happiness cannot be created by a machine but is found in the heart of his family. In at that place Will Come Soft Rains, the house reads a poem to the emptiness where a family once was. The poem explains how nature would not mindif mankind perished utterly. It is ironic because the poem is warning the family how the war will destroy them but nature will conti nue on when that is exactly what has happened. The family has been killed and the house soon after dies but the sun continues to rise and set as if nothing has happened. Personification is another common literary device in Bradburys work.It is most prominent in There Will Come Soft Rains. Bradbury describes the house with human like qualities in how it defends itself against the fire which is also personified. The house quivered at each sound and is describe as the attic being the brain and the exposed oak beams as its bare skeleton and all of its nerves revealed. The fire was personified when it fed upon Picassos and Matisses and lay in beds, stood in windows. Bradbury also described the fire as being clever as it attacked the attic brain and rushed back into every closet and tangle of the clothes hung there. Bradbury also uses personification in The Foghorn. He gives the foghorn human-like characteristics when relating it to the monster. The foghorn made a great deep cry that vibrated in the throat of the towboat as the light, switching its tail, shone bright in the distance. Bradbury continues to use personification in The Veldt. The nursery that Wendy and Peter spend most of their time in is described with human-like qualities. The walls changed from blankness to the veld with a purr and reproduced to the final pebble and bit of straw. It is further personified when the room itself kills the parents.Bradbury also frequently uses imagery in his work. In The Pedestrian, he described the highways as only dry riverbeds empty of vehicles. Bradbury also points out the tomblike buildings and gray phantoms along the sides of the road. These vivid descriptions allow the reader to feel the loneliness and absence of life in the city and its streets. The imagery in The Pedestrian sets the mood and describes the setting. The Foghorn portrays another source of imagery. Bradbury makes the reader visualize the long grey lawn of the sea stretching apart into nothing and nowhere with his descriptive vocabulary.He describes how the stone tower emitted a light that flashed red and white out to the lonely ships in the cold water system far from land. This makes the reader understand how secluded McDunn and insurrectionist were out at the lighthouse and intensifies the oddness of the appearance of the sea monster.Imagery is also present when McDunn explains to Johnny how the monster hid away in the Deeps. The way he describes the Deeps makes it all seem magical yet realistic. Bradbury continues to use imagery in The Happiness Machine. Towards the end of the footling story, Leo discovers a real happiness machine.When he describes this machine, he makes the reader visualize a pleasant and warm home filled with joy. This example of imagery contrasts how Bradbury typically uses his words to display desolation and despair. Ray Bradbury expresses similar patterns in his work by using irony, personification, and imagery. He writes with these three typ es of figurative language in different ways in all of his pieces of work. Bradbury takes common techniques of writing and makes them his own by using them in a certain way to present his ideas in a unique style.

Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include Essay Example for Free

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Lowering the Freezing Point of Water

Lowering the Freezing Point of Water It is common knowledge that the bare(a)zing render of pure water is at 0 degrees centigrade or 32 degrees ferinheight. However, is it possible to keep water in its liquid secern below that freezing direct? It is indeed possible, and people have been using this principle for centuries Traveling back to the 1600s we find King Charles I of England dining with his lords and ladies. The final course is the Epicurean occupy of ice cream. It is doubtful that King Charles I understood the scientific principle of depressing the freezing point of a final result nevertheless, at that time it was unsufferable to make ice cream without freezing the crme by depressing the freezing point of water below 0 degrees centigrade (Zinger, 2005). Today, principalities spread salt on icy roads in order to melt the ice. In actuality, the salt is merely depressing the freezing point of the water, allowing the roads to remain ice free even while the temperatures are below 0 degrees centigrade. To comprehend freezing point depression, you must first understand freezing point. Simply put, it is considered the temperature at which a liquid changes into its solid phase. However, it can also be thought of as the temperature at which the liquid and solid phases are at equilibrium with the atmospheric, or vapor, embrace around it. Freezing occurs as water molecules become ordered into a crystalline lattice. Scientists have long known about the phenomenon that when you add a solute to a solvent, the freezing point lowers, or depresses. Freezing point depression is a colligative property. Colligative properties are the properties of solutions that seem on the number of molecules in a solvent. It does not depend on the properties of the individual molecules in the solution (Prentice-Hall, 1972). As an example, when you create a solution by adding atomic number 11 chloride as the solute, to the solvent of water, the freezing temperature of the solutio n decreases. The cast up of the number of solute particles of the solution interferes with the development of the crystalline structure, therefore the freezing process is delayed (Newton, 1999). Freezing point depression can be expressed mathematically as T = i Kf m. The T equals change in temperature, i equals the number of particles into which the solute dissociates, m equals the moles of the solute per kilogram of solvent, and Kf equals the molal freeing point constant (for water, Kf = 1.853 C/m) (thinkquest, 2010). As discussed, solutes interfere with the shifting of a liquid to a solid state. The colligative properties relate to the number of solute particles in a solution. The greater the solute particles there are in a solution, the greater the decrease in freezing temperature. If 10 grams of sodium chloride were added to degree centigrade grams of water, the freezing point would drop to -5.9 degrees centigrade. However if 10 grams of sucrose were added to 100 grams of wa ter, the water solutions freezing point would only drop to -0.56 degrees centigrade. Why the dramatic difference between the two? After all, the same amount of sucrose and sodium chloride was added to the same amount of water. The answer lies in the number of particles in each solute. There are more particles in 10 grams of sodium chloride then there are in 10 grams of sucrose. Sucrose, C12 H22 O11, has a molecular weight of 342.3 grams per mole. Sodium Chloride on the other hand, has a molecular weight of 58.44 grams per mole. Sodium Chloride has almost sextet times as many particles than sucrose has in the same number of grams. Therefore, the sodium chloride solution has a lower freezing point than the sucrose solution ( chemistry Explained, 2010). Not only is it possible to quantify the depression of the freezing point of a solution, it is possible to predict how far the freezing point will be decreased. According to the principles of the colligative properties, it doesnt matte r what the physical properties of the solute added to the solution may be. The only determining factor is the number of particles in the solution. Therefore, if you double the amount of sodium chloride in a solution, the depression of the freezing point will be double the original solution. The original question of, is it possible to keep water in its liquid state below that freezing point?, has most assuredly been answered with a resounding yes. Not only can it be lowered, that lowering can be understood, quantified and predicted. In the experiment phase of this project, the scientific method will be used to assess the validity of this research. King Charles I of England would be surprised to know that his epicurean delight of ice cream paved the way for the discoveries of colligative properties and lowering the freezing point of water. BibliographyA Brief History of Ice Cream, http//www.zingersicecream.com/history.htmColligative Properties, http//www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/C olligative-Properties.htmlSolutions and Colligative Properties Colligative Properties, http//library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/colligative/colligative.htmlW.J. Moore, Physical Chemistry Prentice-Hall 1972

Oscar Wilde Earnest

Oscar Wilde EarnestTrivial Comedy for Serious PeopleOscar Wildes The Importance of Being EarnestSince we know The Importance of Being Earnest is a trivial play for life-threatening people, our task as serious people is not to be content to say its sportny, but to be careful when describing the fun (Sale 479). First staged in February 1895 at the St. James Theatre, people packed the theater to see Oscar Wildes new play, The Importance of Being Earnest. The play was an immediate impinge on (Greenblatt and M.H. Abrams 2221). It was a promising time as Wildes plays had been the talk of the town for the past several years.Generally, Wildes plays were serious even when trying to evoke comedy his previous plays ranged from friendly satire and criticism (Lady Windermeres Fan), to themes that defied propriety and incited round moral indignation (Salome) (Barnet xxix). In reply to criticism surrounding Lady Windermeres Fan, printed in the St. James Gazette of February 26, 1892, Wilde wrot e a letter to the editor published on February 27th, under the heading Mr. Oscar Wilde Explains(Mason 390). In this letter, Wilde claimed that he did not want the play to be viewed as a mere interrogatory of pantomime and clowning, but that he was interested in the piece as a psychological study (Mason 390). His tendency was to make his people real, and then to compact his audience through the looking-glass into a world which seemed to reflect modern life (Raby 159).This new play, The Importance of Being Earnest, therefore, revealed a novel side of Wilde not capable before. One of his contemporary critics, H. G. Wells, said that it was much lumberinger to listen to buncombe then to talk it, but not if it is good nonsense.and this is very good nonsense (Beckson 187). Hamilton Fyfe, on the other hand, found it slight in structure, devoid in purpose nevertheless extraordinarily funny (Beckson 187).One critic failed to find it pleasing curiously this was Wildes fellow playwright f rom Ireland, Bernard Shaw(Greenblatt and M.H. Abrams 2221). Although he claimed he did find it amusing, George Bernard Shaw said that it leaves me with a sense of having wasted my evening (Beckson 221). He even poked fun at those who praised the sheer nonsense of Wilde, remarking that if the public ever becomes intelligent enough to know when it is really enjoying itself and when it is not, there will be an end of farcical comedy (Beckson 221-222). Since George Bernard Shaw had a reputation for being a harsh critic, this criticism was characteristic of him. After reading the play, one capacity even agree with Shaws review.However, the play does have an apprehensible plot (a gross anachronism, according to Shaw (Beckson 221). The main character, Jack Worthing, is courting the affections of Gwendolen Fairfax, but is impeded by her mother, Lady Bracknell, who opposes the match (Greenblatt and M.H. Abrams 2229-2231). This part of the plot is serious enough. Wilde then adds a comical a spect Jack has been introducing himself as Ernest while in town, and when back at his country estate he refers to a jr. brother named Ernest (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2223). While Wilde tries to inject a sense of seriousness into the comedy, he allows his plot twists to develop into the ridiculous. For example, the case of Miss Prisms losing an infant is nonchalantly explained as an hit minded switch between a book and a baby the baby being placed in a handbag and the book in the perambulator (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2261). There is also Algernons behavior and his imaginary friend shoot the breezeed Bunburywhich he invented as an invaluable permanent invalid in order that he cogency be able to go down into the country whenever he chooses (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2226), eventually Bunbury evidently explodes.As ridiculous as Wilde made his plots, is the way he terminate them Algernons way of killing off Bunbury was to calmly say that he was quite exploded (Greenblatt a nd M. H. Abrams 2256). When pressed for a better answer, Algernon simply explains that the doctor found that Bunbury was loss to die and he expired right then and there. Gwendolens (and for that matter Cecilys) outrage after discovering the truth about Ernest is won back by the ridiculous movement by Jack to christen himself Ernest. And the hard to believe predicament of Miss Prism and the lost baby eventually resolved Jacks impediment with Gwendolen.in truth often when offered questionable storylines, one can expect relief from the moral of the story or the play, which the author might try to instill. The search, in this case, would be in vain. Algernon never gets his due over his continued deceit in Bunburying, and Jack Worthing is redeemed by the discovery of his being Ernest all along. Jacks confession that it is a terrible thing for a man to find out suddenly that all his life he has been speaking nothing but the truth(Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2263) is simply accepted and forgiven. None of the characters get chastised for their bad behavior or prejudice. So, one is left to approximate that Wilde, in not condemning these actions, absolutely agrees with them.Therefore it might be considered that the plot is only a prop for Wildes more implicit messages, hidden within his side notes, his characters, and their situations. The message may not be understand by looking at the play as a whole but in its parts. The gems hidden within the play are the commentaries of Wilde on topics much(prenominal) as medicine, relationships and social norms, with considerable insight on the human condition, in particular issues of class, gender, sexuality, and identity (P.P.F 288538). He places these commentaries either as asides in the dialogue or in the intricacy by which a scene is played out. For example, Algernons skepticism regarding Jacks proposal to Gwendolen echoes the social dilemma, girls never marry the men they flirt withgirls dont think it rightit accounts f or the extraordinary number of bachelors that one sees all over the place (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2224). As for the dialogue of the two young ladies towards each other (they will call each other a lot of things before they become friends) Wilde portrays the younger gal as naively idealistic, while portraying the other as an meshuga romantic. They are represented as fickle, although Gwendolens attitude towards Cecily ranges from quite friendly to jealous rivalry and then to faithful friend (all in one scene). At the homogeneous time, Lady Bracknells impression of Cecily goes from the unthinkable to the idea that Cecily has distinct social possibilities, and as such would make a suitable member of London High fellowship (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2258).While most of Wildes contemporaries were thrilled at the nonsense of the play, Shaw had expected a serious comedy by the playwright. Instead he saw it as having no structure and a real disap locatement. The play does begin to make sense though, when we look away from the perspective of the critic and into the authors mind. If we accept that the plot is a prop, which Wilde used to throw abuse and amusement at his audience, we can then conclude that the play was meant as one big commentary on sensibilities, on society, and on theater. Furthermore, if we look at Wildes own problems at the time of the plays fame, we might understand Wilde.In the scene where Lady Bracknell is interviewing Jack, and then reacting to Jacks helpless entre that he has lost his parents, Lady Bracknell states that losing both parents seem an act of carelessness (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2232), and adds that to rectify the situation he should make a definite effort to evoke at any rate one parent, of either sex, before the season is quite over (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2233). As absurd as this may seem, it does have a purpose Lady Bracknell represents Victorian High Society. Because of this, she is ready to condemn based on ones birth or unfortunate circumstance yet she makes a fat turnaround in her disapproval of Cecily at a time she realizes that the girl has good ancestry (namely, her father is rich) (Greenblatt and M.H. Abrams 2257).The absurdity of Jack posing as Ernest mirrors the life of the playwright himself. Oscar Wilde, at this time, had begun to scandalize London with his lifestyle and had been largely condemned as a homosexual. Jack Worthing explains that the pressures of leading a high moral life in the country does not provide him with the happiness he needs rather, that happiness is found in Ernest whose reputation is entirely opposite of Jacks (Greenblatt and M.H. Abrams 2226). In the same way, perhaps Wilde feels somehow trapped in the need to conform to Londons High Society standards.The lack of a decent plot is an attack of the sensibilities of the audience to a serious play. Oscar Wilde once explained that the play has an underlying philosophy that we should treat all the trivia l things of life seriously, and all the serious things of life with sincere and studied triviality (Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2222). The whole point was not the progression of the story, but the progression of the absurdity starting with the truth of Ernest, then the nonsense of Bunburying, until the play escalates to the ridiculous in Miss Prism. His characters crude commentaries, which seemed to despoil, were meant to offend if anything, none of it needed to be taken seriously.The play is an exercise of triviality. George Bernard Shaw couldnt see past the nonsense of Wilde. The Importance of Being Earnest was actually quite an accomplishment. Wilde worked hard writing and rewriting the script until he felt he had the perfect combination of wit and humor shrouded in seriousness. It was absolute nonsense, yet it was a chef-doeuvre of nonsense.There is a lesson to be learned here. Something serious need not be treated to death as serious it can be allowed some form of triviality. These few lines say it bestJack I am sick to death of cleverness The thing has become an absolute public nuisance. I wish to goodness we had a few fools left.Algernon We have. Jack I should extremely like to meet them. What do they talk about?Algernon The fools? Oh About the clever people, of get across(Greenblatt and M. H. Abrams 2234).Works CitedBarnet, Sylvan. Introduction. The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays By Oscar Wilde. New York Penguin Books, 1985.Beckson, Karl, Ed. Oscar Wilde The Critical Heritage. London Routledge, 1997.Greenblatt, Stephen, and M.H. Abrams, Eds. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. New York, USA W.W. Norton Company, Inc, 2006.Mason, Stuart. Bibliography of Oscar Wilde. Edinburgh Riverside offer Limited, 1908. Reprinted, New York Haskell House Pub, 2007.P.P.F. The Importance of Being Earnest.Contemporary Review. 288.1683 (Winter 2006) 538-539. Retrieved April 3, 2008. www.liberty.edu. Academic Search Premier.http//search.ebs cohost.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu2048/login.aspx? forecast=truedb=aphAN=23913109site=ehost-liveRaby, Peter, Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Oscar Wilde. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997.Sale, Roger. Being Earnest. Hudson Review 563 (Autumn 2003) 475-484.Retrieved April 3, 2008. www.liberty.edu. Academic Search Premier.http//search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.libety.edu2048/login.aspx?direct=truedb=aphAN=11262215site=ehost-live

The Press Agentry Model

The iron out Agentry Model stir up elementry model was the earliest PR model. It comes come on in the late 19th century Grunig Hunt, 1984. The extremum of this model from 1850 to 1900 and P.T. Barnum was the representative of the historical figure (Chao, 2012). Press agentry model is one-way communication as the flow of information is hardly now from the rateer to the receiver, i.e. source-to-receiver communication. People who send out the message be not much take no account of second partys response, comment, point of observe and so on. Press agentry attempts to alter the roleplay of publics whereas do not have the intention to change the behavior of the organization. Public relations whose are under rouse agentry struggle for publicity in the media in almost any way possible.Practitioners of bosom agentry have included so-called fathers of modern PR, Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays. In the early 20th Century, both(prenominal) were Broadway push agents, when Broadway was the capital of the entertainment world, before moving on. Bernays move into constructed news that accounts for audience perceptions and biases is a sophisticated form of press agentry. His 1915 80-page press packet for the Diaghilev Ballet Russe American tour was an early example, and his work in 1932 publicizing autos for General Motors with testimonials from business and academic leaders was more elaborate.Press agents did little research aside from supervise the media in which they sought to place favorable articles about their clients. The prototype practitioner of this model was the American impresario P. T. Barnum. He promoted circuses and other entertainment venues such as the singer Jenny Lind. Publicity continues to be a component of contemporary American PR and is used in sports, entertainment and product publicity, although todays practitioners are little likely to take liberties with the truth. In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations expects enhance the rep utation of the organization among the target audience, stakeholders, employees, partners, all other associated with it through manipulation. agree to this model, hire public relations expects who create a positive image of their brand in the minds of target audience through arguments and reasoning. They influence their potential customers by simply imposing their ideas, thoughts, creative stories of their brand, USPs of the products and so on. Flow of information takes place only from the public relations expects to the target audiences. (One-Way communication)Although J. Grunig and Hunt acknowledged that there had been public-relations-like activities end-to-end history, they claimed that the press agents of the mid-19th century were the first full- name specialists to practice public relations. These press agents practiced the press agentry/ publicity model of public relations for such heroes as Andrew Jackson, Daniel Boone, Buffalo Bill Cody, and Calamity Jane. The most promine nt of these practitioners was P.T. Barnum, who skillfully promoted his circus performers using the axiom, There is a sucker born every minute.Curiosity and incredulity played a pivotal role in the success of the press agentry model in the 19th Century, as illustrated with Barnums stunt, and to this day it still does. Butterick (2009) points out that we only have to look at the inner editorial pages of the tabloid newspapers, the celebrity magazines or observe when a new movie or CD is launched to capture the press agentry model in its purest form. Press agents like Max Clifford are often seen as masters of the industry, carefully manipulating the media coverage of their clients, as Butterick notes even the so-called exclusive pictures of semi-naked celebrities on a beach in a Sunday newspaper can sometimes be the result of a collusion mingled with the stars publicist and photographer.Nowadays, press agentry model is still very much in use in the 21st Century. It can easily argue that the ethics tangled in this model are highly questionable, and the admission from Grunig Hunt that the model has an element of propaganda attached to it does nothing to distil the negative connotations attached to PR as propaganda (Butterick, 2009). However, despite these criticisms, it is ultimately that the curiosity and skepticism of which ensures the press agentry model is still alive and well in the modern day. Although the modern day PR practitioner must be more familiar with the truth, the very foundations of the model still exist whether it be to publicize a sporting event, a theatre production, or the scariest film of the decade, as in the recent movie release Paranormal Activity (2009). We, the public, bequeath either want to believe what we see, or find out for ourselves if our skepticism can be proven correct which is why this model still works for practitioners seeking to gain the illusive media spot scintillation and is therefore germane(predicate) for the 21st Century.Press agentry is closely associated with publicity in the entertainment world. Press agentry is the practice of attracting the attention of the press through technique that manufactures news. Methods associated with press agentry include present events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning, and hype. A common practice is the late 1800s and early 1900s, press agentry is not part of mainstream public relations. Rather, it is a practice primarily associated with major entertainment-related events, such as Hollywood premieres and boxing matches. The goal of press agentry is to attract attention rather than gain understanding. Even today, however, the term press agent is sometimes used interchangeably with publicist in traditional Broadway theater and motion picture industries. Todays entertainment industries are populated with publicists rather than press agents. Publicists are individuals skilled in media relations who attempt to get the name of their client s or events in the media by carefully constructing messages that inform, educate, and persuade. Some are astute in branding and positioning strategies to aid the careers and success of their clients.In contrast, press agents want attention either good or bad in most any form. Press agentry had been called persuasion for short-term advantage through the use of truth bending and even distortion, but it can also be simply the staging of charged acts to get publicity and draw attention to an individual, event, or cause. Therefore, it is understandable that one of the earliest proponents of press agentry was Phineas Taylor (P.T) Barnum, the famed American showman and promoter who put atom smasher Gen. Tom Thumb on exhibit and launched a mobile circus featuring Jumbo the elephant and freak shows. Barnum was a master of press agentry. For instance, he wrote letters both praising and criticizing his circus show to newspaper under an assumed name.In the early part of his career, Edward L. Bernays was also a master of press agentry. He persuaded 10 debutantes to hold up Lucky Strike cigarettes manufactured by his client, the American Tobacco Company, as torches of freedom while participating in New Yorks east wind parade. In 1929, Bernays staged a global news event by organizing the Lights Golden Jubilee, a worldwide calebration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the electric light bulb for his client, General Electric. Bernays managed to secure several prominent individuals for that event, including carmaker Henry Ford, electricity scientist Thomas Edison, and President Herbert Hoover.Henry Rogers, one of the founders of Rogers and Cowan, the largest and most successful western Coast entertainment publicity firm, became well known when he promoted an unknown contract player for Columbia Pictures named Rita Hayworth. He contacted Look magazine with a conducting wire from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America, a fictitious group, claiming that Hayworth wa s the best-dressed off-screen actress. Look magazine took the bait and put Hayworth on the cover and published 10 pages of her photographs.Characteristic of Press AgentryPress agentry is sign. A sales-driven approach does whatever it takes to get exposure for clients in the media without resorting to paid advertising. Press agentry is not above truth-bending or lying to reach its pragmatic objective. It will make up facts if it needs to do so. It is persuasion for short-term advantage. Press agentry is a long-standing part of PR, and it wont go away. Press agentry has transformed over the decades into ink with ethics, that is getting exposure while maintaining respect for facts, but if all else fails, getting exposure is more important than facts.Press agentry relies on spin. It is interpreting facts to fit ones view and to get media coverage. Christopher Buckleys hilarious novel, Thank You for Smoking lampoons this type of practitioner brilliantly, and post-presidential debate com mentary from Democrats and Republicans is a quadrennial example of spinning. Press agentry includes any technique that manufactures news which are publicity stunts, faux surveys, fake committees, constructed events and other tactics practitioners continue to use.Propaganda classified as one of the characteristic of press agentry model (Grunig Hunt, 1984). The term of propaganda in press agentry model, refer to PR practitioner exaggerate and more hype than facts in order to get publicity for their client. They will not care the public feedback and just want the public behave as they want. This model involves a propaganda function (Grunig Hunt, 1984 pp. 21) and academics such as Butterick (2009), Theaker (2004), and Johnston Zawawi (2004) agree that accuracy and credibility are somewhat compromised as the goal of the model is to influence the audience by manufacturing news, be that by way of stunts or explicit publicity seeking. Butterick (2009) states that practitioners who use th is model become press agents, utilising a range of PR tools from press releases to publicity stunts which in turn ensures that an audience takes a specific course of action.

Stopping Terrorism Worldwide Essay -- essays research papers

Can We Stop the Worldwide Disease-Terrorism?Terrorism, which has been rough for as long as people can remember, has been on the rise for the past ten years. Terrorists usually use murdering, kidnapping, hi-jacking and bombings to achieve their political purpose. For instance, according to Wikipedia.com (2006), in 1985 816 deaths, then in 2003, more than 1,000 people died by terorist acts around the world. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new height and attacks are much more violent than in the past. Unfortunately, in enmity of many another(prenominal) anti-terror campaigns, projects and organizations are being created for prevention (to prevent) terrorism, the number of terrorists only is increasing. These days terrorism is all over the world.Terrorists use violence against civilians or against civilian targets, in order to attain political aims. As it is mentioned in Cfrterrorism.org (2006), The US Department defines terrorism as premeditated, politically motivated vi olence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. Paul Pillar (Council on Foreign Relations, 2004), a former deputy chief of the CIAs Counterterrorist Center, interprets the definition of terrorism as follows,,, planned in advance, rather than an impulsive act of rage and not criminal, like the violence that groups such as the mafia use to get coin and not carried out by the army of a country., The purposes of terrorists are divergent but majority of their victims are peaceful people. There are many different types of terrorism, for many different purposes. The primary purpose of terrorism is to force a change in their government structure or position. If terrorists are not s... ...hat terrorism can not be ended with violence. Violence in response to violence can only lead to further violence. So we should discover more creative programs about reducing the poverty, let everybody study, regardin g their religion, sex, race and nationality. If we invest money into these things than investing to wars, we have already reduced terrorism. Other crucial thing is freedom. Nowadays, many terrorists claim that they are freedom fighters of their country. From this we can conclude that we, ourselves, are making terrorists by occupying their native country. If we do not want any terrorism, let them ravish their freedom. But these days it is sad to realize that some bigger countries, with its (their) powerful economy want to take control over smaller countries, which is again take people of these countries to take a gun and defense their countries values.

Deviance :: essays research papers

Being labeled and institutionalized as a mixer deviant proves to be stigmatizing in life. In Dina Temple-Rastons A Death in Texas, she chronicles the murder of James Byrd Jr. in Jasper, Texas during the summer of 1998. The author suggests in Chapters 1-4 that guess murder Billy King is more than a case study of abnormal psychology and that his formions may be explained as a career condemnable who has been marginalized by society. While most authors fixate on the psychology within killers, she also includes the towns historical background and the social context in which the murder took place. Sociologist, Kai Erikson would applaud his style as he postulates that deviant behavior becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Erikson states that once a person commits an act, they are labeled and treated as deviant and they have little opportunity to act any differently.Billy King was labeled and treated as a deviant this maltreatment had the great influence on King. On page 44 of the text, Kylies mother refers to King as an ex-con and does not want her daughter to hang around with someone give care that. When labeled as a deviant, people are suspicious of you and begin treating you with a lack of respect and see you as different. Even though he had kept his nose clear, Sheriff Rowles made a mental note when he saw the picture of Bill King (Pg. 45).The prison where Bill King was remanded was at the end of a wooded road and hidden behind shabby homes and a trailer park. Billy was a man of small stature and had to act with bravado to not be injured while in prison. He was jammed into a facility with 3,00 young toughs (pg 70) who wielded a lethal combination of determent and one upmanship. The men were segregated and survived by making (like) racial alliances. King was called a peckerwoods he would fight but he was not tough plenteous to fit into the prisons many gangs for protection (pg 71). The author suggests that Kings nose was broken and that he may have been sod omized.On page 77, the author states that Billy was the adored concentrate of a dysfunctional family and that his step-mother may not of held him accountable for his actions. It may be that Billy felt traumatized by his real mother abandoning him and it put him off footstep for life (pg 77).