Adderall: A Growing Trend Among College Students Essay -- Documentary

Adderall A Growing Trend Among College StudentsBrian,* a 20-year-old northeasterly University student, carefully lays step forward his stash of blue pills on a slacken one Sunday evening. As he organizes them into groups according to size and dosage, he mentally runs through his class survive and assignments for the calendar week.A physics quiz on Tuesday, he says, eyes still fixed on the dozen or so blue pills on the table. A calc test on Friday and a lab due on Thursday.Brian sinks back into his chair with a sigh of defeated enthusiasm. A weekend full of late night socialization and early good afternoon wake up calls has finally given way to the harsh realization of an cold week of school work. As Brian prepares for Monday morning to rear its ugly head, he is comforted by the sight of those tiny blue pills laid out all right on his table. This, he explains, will sustain him through the hellacious school week ahead of him, and provide him with the motivation and concentration he needs to get his work done. Id be much more stressed out if I didnt have these, he says. Itll make the week go by a little easier. Thats not to say it wont be brutal though.Those tiny blue pills laid out on Brians table are the prescription drug Adderall. Manufactured by the British based pharmaceutical company Shire, Inc., Adderall has become the leading medication prescribed for those diagnosed with trouble Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( minimal brain dysfunction). The National Institute of Mental Health describes ADHD as, one of the most common of the psychiatric disorders that appear in childhood in which an individual cant stay focused on a task, cant sit still, acts without thinking, and rarely finishes anything. If left untreated, the effects of ADHD... ...y guess is that it is more of a psychological habit. I think the best approach would be to challenge students to find a different approach to dealing with stress and change magnitude workloads, and not to turn to pharmaceuticals as the answer.Whether or not college students at north and across the country will heed such advice remains to be seen. further as it stands the use of Adderall without a prescription continues, and it seems unlikely to go forth as long as students continue to find their desired results. Recreational experimentation with drugs and alcohol are commonplace and are part of the maturing process that is college, scarcely such experimentation for the means of academic success is a relatively forward-looking phenomenon, and one that promises to gain more momentum as long as academic steroids like Adderall continue to make its way into thecollege campus culture. Adderall A Growing Trend Among College Students Essay -- Documentary Adderall A Growing Trend Among College StudentsBrian,* a 20-year-old Northeastern University student, carefully lays out his stash of blue pills on a table one Sunday evening. As he organizes them into groups according to size and dosage, he mentally runs through his class work and assignments for the week.A physics quiz on Tuesday, he says, eyes still fixed on the dozen or so blue pills on the table. A calc test on Friday and a lab due on Thursday.Brian sinks back into his chair with a sigh of defeated enthusiasm. A weekend full of late night socialization and early afternoon wake up calls has finally given way to the harsh realization of an intense week of school work. As Brian prepares for Monday morning to rear its ugly head, he is comforted by the sight of those tiny blue pills laid out delicately on his table. This, he explains, will sustain him through the hellacious school week ahead of him, and provide him with the motivation and concentration he needs to get his work done. Id be much more stressed out if I didnt have these, he says. Itll make the week go by a little easier. Thats not to say it wont be brutal though.Those tiny blue pills laid out on Brians table are the prescription drug Adderal l. Manufactured by the British based pharmaceutical company Shire, Inc., Adderall has become the leading medication prescribed for those diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The National Institute of Mental Health describes ADHD as, one of the most common of the psychiatric disorders that appear in childhood in which an individual cant stay focused on a task, cant sit still, acts without thinking, and rarely finishes anything. If left untreated, the effects of ADHD... ...y guess is that it is more of a psychological habit. I think the best approach would be to challenge students to find a different approach to dealing with stress and increasing workloads, and not to turn to pharmaceuticals as the answer.Whether or not college students at Northeastern and across the country will heed such advice remains to be seen. But as it stands the use of Adderall without a prescription continues, and it seems unlikely to go away as long as students continue to find th eir desired results. Recreational experimentation with drugs and alcohol are commonplace and are part of the maturing process that is college, but such experimentation for the means of academic success is a relatively new phenomenon, and one that promises to gain more momentum as long as academic steroids like Adderall continue to make its way into thecollege campus culture.

Emersons Experience A Close Reading Essay -- essays papers

Emersons Experience A Close ReadingIn Experience, Ralph Waldo Emerson writes about the human condition shared by all in his uniquely Emersonian perspective. Perhaps one of his most effective works is Experience, an essay on a subject of which Emerson had much experience and personal grief. To fully notify Emerson, the reader must closely analyze his writing, with both its obvious meaning, and the experience with which hes writing. One particular paragraph is especially eloquent, and warrants closer abstract People grieve and bemoan themselves, but it is not half so bad with them as they say. There are moods in which we court suffering, in the intrust that here, at least, we shall find reality, sharp peaks and edges of truth. Emersons training as a clergyman shines through here, as he counsels the grief-stricken that things are not as bad as they come along. People who are aggrieved often hope to find some truth at the end of their suffering to make it seem somehow worth while. But it turns out to be scene-painting and counterfeit. The only thing grief has taught me, is to know how shallow it is. That, like all the rest, plays about the surface, and never introduces me into the reality, for contact with which, we would as yet pay the costly price of sons and lovers. Emersons preliminary sentences were only meant to scratch the surface -- now he is probing the heart of the matter. He is stating that there is no deep meaning revealed when we lose someone we love. It is more of a defense mechanism or a means of self-assurance than anything else, because losing the people closest to us defies any tangible meaning.In the next passage, Was it Boscovich who found out that bodies never come in contact? Well, s... ...cosmic connection for man, animals, plants. Emerson seems to suggest that grief is merely an hop out into self-pity, a way of denying death or what it represents. For Emerson, life was nothing without faith in nature. In nature, nothing bu rn live unless something dies. It is all part of the perennial cycle of life. Experience taught Ralph Waldo Emerson that wallowing in grief provides neither comfort nor closure. It does not answer any questions and does not change anything. However, faith in nature can offer solace during lifes darkest moments. It is a human experience which he, fortunately, shared with us all. BibliographyWORK CITEDOKeefe, Richard R. Experience Emerson on Death. ATQ (The American dark Quarterly), v9 n2, p. 119 (11). (June 1995).

Depiction Of The American Dream in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great

As children, we have all inhalationt of money, being rich owning an extravagant mansion, magnificent cars, and being married to a prince or princess. Basically, we dream of the perfect life, with the perfect spouse. Generally, this dream is known as the American daydream, which is the belief that if one works stark, that person will succeed by becoming rich. The discipline of the American Dream can be found throughout The Great Gatsby, the most prime example of this is the dream of Jay Gatsby. Gatsbys dream is to work hard to get rich in order to win the love of Daisy Buchanan, his long lost love. Despite these beliefs, the American Dream, in its modern form, generally fails to call that person happy. As for Gatsbys dream to win Daisys love with elaborate material possessions, his attempts eventually lead to his death. Both the noble intentions and the resulting failures of the American Dream resemble the intentions and corruption of Jay Gatsby in the novel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald included many examples of the American Dream in the novel. Myrtle Wilson is an example of this. Myrtle, who was married to George Wilson, a let loose income mechanic, desired money and a higher social status. This desire, which is equivalent to the desire for money in the American Dream, eventually led to the death of Myrtle. Myrtle was having an interest with Tom Buchanan in spite of the fact that he was awful to her, for example, Tom Buchanan broke her nose with hi...

The Libyan Head of State, Muammar al Qaddafi :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Libyan Head of State, Muammar al Qaddafi Muammar al Qaddafi is a very(prenominal) dangerous man. He promotes terrorism, andradical causes. He is committed against the U.S, and will help almostanyone who is also against the U.S. He is very intelligent and crafty. In1969 he led a putsch against the Libyan government. He succeeded, and becamehead of state. He is a devoted Muslim. Qaddafi is a person to be read aboutand learned about. As I mentioned above, one of his greatest successes was star abloodless coup against the Libyan monarchy. He became head of state. Another success is that fact that most Libyans leadgood lives. All Libyans have a house or an apartment, a car, and most havetelevisions, phones, and recording equipment. The young people are welldressed and fed. He has survived many coup attempts against him. His faceand picture are in most buildings in Libya. He always was devoted to school as a kid. He would take a abundant hikefrom the devastate to schoo l. He would come home only every Thursday, thebeginning of the Muslim weekend. Then he would go back to school. He wasthe inaugural in his family to be well educated. One of his first goals when he was a child was to join the Libyan army.He slowly moved up in rank. It was surprising they even let him in thearmy he had a long police record. He eventually joined the Kings police.This was when the idea of a coup attempt came. He did succeed. Qaddafi was born in a tent in the desert 20 miles south of the sea.This is a desolate place- burning hot in the summer, and freezing cold inthe winter. Most people would consider this place to be uninhabitable. Hisfather was at the bottom of social level in this very poor country. Thename of tribe Qaddadfa means in Arabic, Spitter or vomiter of blood. InQaddafis early years, in the 1940s there were tank battles in the desertand thousands of bombing raids by Germans in Libya. Besides this, in the1920s the Italians under Mussolini had conqu ered Libya for the second timeand had killed large numbers of women, children and old people. Theytrampled on copies of the Koran, threw men out of airplanes and assault anddisembowelled women. So the Libyans of Qaddafi generation grew up full of

Development of Tools Throughout Time Essay -- essays papers

Development of Tools Throughout TimeOur terra firma today has many varied kinds of implements. I realized this when I was walking through The Home Depot a few weeks ago. On one islet are nails, and screws, the next isle there are power drills to go along with power saws and power sanders. Now imagine the world with no tools, no nails or screws. It would be middling difficult to do most anything. We would have no houses to live in, no cars to travel to work in, and we would have no place of employment in which to work. Without tools our world would be nothing. This is the world our ancestors faced, and they had nothing but rocks and sticks. Homo Habilis had the challenge of being the first hominid with a larger brain, which allowed him to have the ability to do much things. With early hominids lacking size and strength to kill large animals they used certain objects to kill and devour these animals. This ultimately led to the development of tools.By 2.5 billion years a go, a new human evolutionary trend had begun. The change to a upright bipedal posture, and existing flexibility at the shoulder, arms, and hands allowed hominids to stretch out and manipulate objects much more readily. Early hominids began to manipulate the physical world, inventing solutions to the problems of human existence. Instead of foraging, as do most primates, on a more or less individualistic basis for food sources, early hominids invented rock-and-roll tools with which they could slay larger animals. This began a switch from scavenging to hunting as the main means by which meat was acquired. The earliest known tools yet discovered were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge dating back to about two million years ago. They originally thought that these tools were made by the Australopithecus, but later determined that they were made by the Homo Habilis . The first tools found were classified as lower paleolithic tools. These tools belong to the Oldowan to ol tradition. These tools which were opportunist in nature were characterized by an all-purpose generalized chopping tool. These were produced by removing a few flakes from a stone either by using another stone as a hammer or by striking a pebble against a large rock. Manufacturing tools this management is called the percussion method. Many of these tools were made out of quartz or lava which were not the most common st... ...hominids we would have no understanding of any prehistoric life. Their technological advances helped us to create more efficient tools which allow us to research these ancient cultures. As one can see, we are presently expanding our modern tool kits every decade so who is to say what technological advances will be made in the next several millennias. Tools have evolved to influence, if not determine, human history.BibliographyBurenholt, Dr. Govan. The premier(prenominal) Humans - Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. New York Harper Collins Publis hes. 1993Haviland, William A. Anthropology - Ninth Edition Orlando ,Florida Harcourt College Publishers. 2000Johanson, Donald and Lenora. Ancestors New York Villard Books. 1994Leaky, Richard. Origin of Humankind New York Harper Collins Publishers. 1994Rowlett, Ralph M., Michael G. Davis, and Robert B. Grabe. accessible Fire http//anthropology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringarchaeology.com%2F0599toc%2F5feature3-fire.shtmlTime-Life Books. The Human Dawn New Jersey Time-Life Books. 1990Wallbank, T. Walter. Civilization Past and Present New York Harper Collins Publishers. 1992

Development of Tools Throughout Time Essay -- essays papers

Development of Tools Throughout TimeOur world today has many different kinds of tools. I realized this when I was walking through The Home Depot a few weeks ago. On one isle are nails, and screws, the next isle there are violence drills to go along with power saws and power sanders. Now imagine the world with no tools, no nails or screws. It would be pretty difficult to do close anything. We would have no houses to live in, no cars to travel to work in, and we would have no place of employment in which to work. Without tools our world would be secret code. This is the world our ancestors faced, and they had nothing but rocks and sticks. Homo Habilis had the challenge of being the first hominid with a larger brain, which allowed him to have the ability to do to a greater extent(prenominal) things. With early hominids lacking size and strength to kill large animals they used certain objects to kill and devour these animals. This ultimately led to the development of tools .By 2.5 million years ago, a untested human evolutionary trend had begun. The change to a upright bipedal posture, and existing flexibility at the shoulder, arms, and hands allowed hominids to carry and manipulate objects much more readily. Early hominids began to manipulate the physical world, inventing solutions to the problems of human existence. Instead of foraging, as do most primates, on a more or less individualistic tush for food sources, early hominids invented stone tools with which they could slay larger animals. This began a switch from scavenging to hunting as the main means by which meat was acquired. The earliest cognise tools yet discovered were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge dating back to about two million years ago. They originally popular opinion that these tools were do by the Australopithecus, but later determined that they were made by the Homo Habilis . The first tools found were classified as lower paleolithic tools. These tools move to the Oldowan tool tradition. These tools which were opportunist in nature were characterized by an all-purpose generalized chopping tool. These were produced by removing a few flakes from a stone either by exploitation another stone as a hammer or by striking a pebble against a large rock. Manufacturing tools this way is called the percussion method. Many of these tools were made out of quartz or lava which were not the most common st... ...hominids we would have no understanding of any prehistoric life. Their technological advances helped us to create more efficient tools which allow us to research these ancient cultures. As one can see, we are presently expanding our modern tool kits every decade so who is to say what technological advances will be made in the next several millennias. Tools have evolved to influence, if not determine, human history.BibliographyBurenholt, Dr. Govan. The First Humans - Human Origins and narrative to 10,000 B.C. New York Harper Coll ins Publishes. 1993Haviland, William A. Anthropology - Ninth Edition Orlando ,Florida Harcourt College Publishers. 2000Johanson, Donald and Lenora. Ancestors New York Villard Books. 1994Leaky, Richard. Origin of Humankind New York Harper Collins Publishers. 1994Rowlett, Ralph M., Michael G. Davis, and Robert B. Grabe. Friendly Fire http//anthropology.about.com/gi/ impulsive/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringarchaeology.com%2F0599toc%2F5feature3-fire.shtmlTime-Life Books. The Human Dawn New Jersey Time-Life Books. 1990Wallbank, T. Walter. Civilization Past and Present New York Harper Collins Publishers. 1992

Main Essay

The Daily Mail quotes, Protein drinks are no help for athletes and arent better than a balanced diet, with The Independent also reporting that thither is no benefit from sports drinks. However, does this affect the Protein sports drinks market? Clear Barrett writes In an article on The Financial Times saying that Omnipotent. Com, Rupees leading online sports keep retailer is foretaste to generating earnings of EOM on annual turnover of MEME in the year 2011 from the sale of sports protein drinks and appurtenances, favored by bodybuilders and sports enthusiasts.Its sales are expected to reach EMMA this year. (Remuneration 2009) found that Globally, the U. S is the largest market for sports nutrition supplements and represents 63% of the value. Mexico Is the second largest market with US $192 million In retail sales, followed closely by the united Kingdom with US SSL 72 million. Japan has a market size of US $87 million, while China and India have negligible sports nutrition retail sales. However, Au pastticity and efficacy continue big challenges for the sports nutrition market. Remuneration, 2008) stated that the global market for ports nutrition supplements was valued at US $4. 2 billion. The market experienced strong growth until 2008, then growth gradually declined due to a lack of consumer confidence In spending on discretionary products, as a result of the global recession. Furthermore, modern research have Indicated that protein supplements are bad for your health and gouge be life threatening. The British Dietetic Association (BAD) says high take aims of additional protein can relieve oneself side-effects, which can include nausea as well as kidney and liver damage. The BAD argues there is presently evidence to show excess levels of additional protein taken over a long time can cause health problems. Jane Griffin speaking for the BAD concluded, People who have these high protein diets are like a shot running Into problems with their kidneys because of the amount of protein they must get rid of. The information provided indicates that there was a decrease in request in the market for sports protein drinks and can be conveyed in a cut and require diagram. The first figure (1) is a rundown where value is determined by the market.The show arch of a certain product as well as the have curve of the same product is shown on the same axes. David King quotes This Is where there Is no excess demand or excess supply, so that the bill To summaries A demand curve shows the quantity that would be demanded at each price or wage, and a supply curve shows the quantity that would be supplied eat each price or wage. The price or wage will settle at its equilibrium level, which is the level at which the two curves intersect. Figure (2) shows a shift in demand (to the left) for sports protein drinks.Because of the recession, globally protein drinks will be set at a price excessively high, even though the price does not change. T herefore, protein nutrition drinks will become less attractive for consumers, consequently forcing consumers to purchase less as the price is withal high. A shift in the demand curve implies that the original demand curve has changed, meaning that the quantity demanded is affected by a factor opposite than price, in this case the global recession and awareness that protein drinks actually affect health and may be life threatening.To conclude, protein sports drink manufacturers would be forced to supply less for the same price. King quotes, if demand decreases, buyers will demand a smaller annuity at each possible price. So the demand curve shifts left, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all fall. Price* Quantity* Price Quantity However, historically, the users of protein nutrition products have been limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but this has now expanded to include recreational users and lifestyle users (Denominator 2006).Research in 2012 suggest that more teenagers are using muscle enhancing products, such as protein supplements, according to a consider published in Pediatrics, a Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A CNN article by (Trash Henry) quotes, Researchers found the number of teens reporting muscle enhancing behavior to be substantially higher than in previous years. Boys were more likely to report these behaviors, which included supplement use and consumption of protein shakes, while Dry.Maria Ginsberg, the lead study condition said These behaviors are a little more common among young Dry. Nicholas Fletcher, an assistant professor of orthopedic declares that, As their idols have profitd in size they are continually pushed to get stronger, bigger and faster There is that trickle-down effect. From this, we can assume that the market for Protein sports drinks is indeed rising, due to teenagers working towards increasing their body portion and overall strength and striving to follow in the footsteps of their inspirational leaders.A BBC article done by Newsiest reporter (Kelsey) stated that Remuneration, whom researchers the market size of products, estimates that the sport supplement industry grew 15% last year. It estimated that one in five people who go to the gym more than twice a week use supplements that can come in the form of powders and bars. The information provided can assume that there is a cent increase in demand for sports protein drinks. Figure (3) below indicates that the quantity demanded for protein sports drink increased even though the price remained the same.A shift to the right for the demand curve depicts the quantity of demand for protein drinks rising. Again, a shift in the demand curve indicates that the original demand relationship has changed meaning that quantity demand for protein sports drink is affected by something other than price. In this instance, demand for protein was increased because of protein nutrition products expanding ND targeted not onl y athletes and bodybuilders, but also children and regular gym attendees. David King quotes, If demand increases, buyers will demand a higher quantity at each possible price.So the demand curve shifts right, and the equilibrium price or wage, quantity and expenditure all rise. To conclude, protein drinks will always be in demand as these products are used not only for sports use, but also widely used between regular gym attendees and children. However, the recent VAT increase implemented on sports nutrition drinks which has taken effect on the 1st October 2012 may cause the demand to slightly crease. References King, D. (2012) Economics. POP Oxford Remuneration International. Lully 2009).

Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee Essay

It is k outrightn how the cowboys won the tungsten, as it is seen in so many films and TV shows that it seems impossible that anyone would not know about these toshs. ovalbumin civilized soldiers moving out of the East coast of the USA, having the wild natives and lands tamed. The wild natives who threatened the sovereignty and peace of the dust coat Americans, on the contrary, Dee Brown paints a dissimilar picture, a story told from the other side of the fence, this tale is known as screen My flavor at Wounded Knee was first published in 1970 and contains the biography of autochthonic Americans belonging to the West side of America in the late 19th century.The story narrates how the Native Americans were dis beatd and slaughtered by the Federal Government of joined States. blank out my heart at Wounded Knee is the last phrase of a poem called American Names by Stephen Vincent Bennet. Brown starts the news by quoting what Columbus wrote to the Majesties of Spain, So tracta ble, so peaceable, are these people that I swear to your Majesties there is not in the world a better nation. They love their neighbors as themselves, and their discourse is ever sweet and gentle, and accompanied with a smile and though it is true they are naked, yet their manners are decorous and praise becoming.(Brown, 5) Though, this did not seem to impress Columbus for long as the author states that Columbus saw this as a sign of weakness on the incision of the Native Americans and macrocosm a European, he was convinced that the people should be made to work and do everything essential to adopt our ways. The massacre then keep for the next four hundred years until al nigh the total extinction of the Native Americans culture and civilization had been carried out.The Native Americans who are dummy up alive, are steep cultural people residing in the land consigned to them by the political sympathies of USA, the land known as Reservations. The opening chapter of the book is a broad introduction to the ill luck to follow, starting with Columbus and the entrance of Europeans in the Caribbean and down the Eastern seaboard. After the introduction, in which Brown explains that massacres and genocide have deep roots in the history of the American continent, even before the Wild West period, we reach the topic itself.Most of the documented history is of the thirty year period among the 1860s to 1890s. Fresh from the most gruesome era of USA history, when the self caused death count rose to the highest ever the coun undertake would experience, the Civil War of America reached a revolving point. As the now unified and stable government had returned, most of the population was charged up with the pioneering spirit and went into the unknown areas of the West, searching for new lives, freedom and quick riches. It was this migration which landed the white man at the doors of an ancient cultured establishment. evening though the Native Americans of the East, who we re village based farmers, had been dealt with a long time back, the Native Americans belonging to the West coast were a diverse breed altogether and more dire measures had to be undertaken to deal with them. The Native Americans believes were very dissimilar from the white mans culture and belief. The Native Americans believed that nothing was ever personally owned by them, as the land, the homes and everything that had been given to him were only loans to him and could be taken back anytime.Therefore, how could the Native American population sell the land that could not be owned by anyone? Yet, the white men took the land anyway, dislocating the Native Americans and setting up their own homes and families and brimfull over the land in his maneuver in a sign of greed and bloodshed. The USA adopted much(prenominal) policies making the Native Americans indebted to the government this was done by transferring the Native Americans to low quality land and reservations and by the meth odical destruction of the buffalo.The tribes would have to relay on the supplies from the white government and the only thing the Native Americans had to bargain was the land they resided at. Brown has used ancient manuscripts and actual texts of the white men and dominated Native Americans of that time to portray the highroad taken to acquire the land of the west by false arrests, kangaroo courts, unprovoked attacks, broken treaties and round-ups of Native Americans, forcing them onto desolate lands.Brown also narrates stories of particular Native Americans employ certificated information the great warrior known as Geronimo who battled the white men and the peaceful leaders of Native Americans known as Black Kettle who would try to sort out treaties through dialog and understanding. Black Kettle would look for ways to preserve the Native Americans open lands and at the same time reconcile the white men in the other areas of the west.Brown breaks down the time of the westward pus h through time-line, geographic areas, particular tribes and their chiefs and incidents that formed the history of the Native Americans termination by the hands of the government of the USA and the white settlers. The author ends the book with descriptions from the Native Americans who survived the carnage at Wounded Knee, a creek in South Dakota. As this was the last major butchery of the Native Americans by the USA soldiers.Many series of misunderstandings and blunders contributed to the mass killing of unarmed Native Americans that took place at Wounded Knee. At that 29th December of 1890, as much as 300 Native American men, woman and children were butchered. The following is a dissever from the book, describing the events that took place at Wounded Knee Lake. A mother was shot down with her infant the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed togetherand after most of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there. (Brown, 83) As all 19 chapters of the book narrate the battles, events and certain tribes, it is easy to distinguish that Brown wished to go deep into detail which is also obvious with book consisting of 500 pages.However, some might say Bury my heart at Wounded Knee seems text-book like which bores the referee. Although the book seems to be appealing for me, as little is known about the genocide that took place in the West of USA and therefore, Bury My bosom at Wounded Knee seems to be a magnificent and attractive learning instrument. Among Browns written Creek Marys Blood and Killdeer Mountains which were also about Native Americans, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee seems to be the greatest text of all.The author has included elements such as quot es, songs and portraits throughout the book to attract the reader. These elements play a strong part by faulting the chain of monotony of pages of texts. The quotes seem to be well chosen and positioned, so are the portraits and help present a well informed picture of the history. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee assists us to look into our shady past and examines it the book explores how the white men tried to fulfill our Christian seeming(a) destiny in American history.The white men are shown as discriminators, murderers and sadists, with the exemption of a few soldiers and civilians. These white men would kill Native Americans scorn of gender or age, often mutilating and scalping the bodies, and sometimes even committing horrendous acts such as cutting the genitalia of Native Americans. These extraordinary and appalling revelations give the reader a horrifying image of the birth of the great country known as the USA. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee has its share of drawbacks such a s any other book.I believe one of the greatest shortcomings is the language the author has used in some parts of the book. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee becomes complicated and could lose probable readers because of the lack of understanding of the used text. Although the book is an essential for any reader who is interested in history as the book reveals a lot, the vocabulary and writing techniques used may challenge the readers at times. The next drawback is that the book narrates similar tales, just with opposite tribes, which sends a monotonous tone through the book.Although, by writing in such a way, Brown indicated and clearly conveyed this influential point that no look where the Native Americans turned to, they were butchered. With the shortcomings intact, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee remains a book which wins the heart of readers by telling a tale that is not really understood or identified, a nasty yet important part of the American history. The book is inclusive, yet o nly narrates the starting of what was being done in the name of war profiteering and manifest destiny. The author asks the reader to confront our history that may make us feel uneasy.There are always two sides of a story and the author has decided to tell us the story of the side that is rarely heard and spoken of. Brown has and then achieved the goal he set out when he decided to write an account of this appalling mark of American history in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Dee Brown wrote this book over thirty five years back, to redress and balance the history. This is the tale of the Apache, the Navaho, the Comanche, the Sioux and the story of Sitting Bull, of Geronimo and others. It is hard headedly researched and passing detailed, at the same time interesting.The authors sources of quotes were the journals, courts transcripts and other documents of the Native American people. These words indeed carried an intellectual, beautiful and expressive imagery of these cultural people. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a gloomy story of unkindness, racism, ignorance and prejudice youll ever read. The immoral perpetrated against the Native American people are of a scale beyond words, certainly ahead of any words of mine, or Browns, or even the arrogant, depressing, gorgeous descriptions of the Native Americans themselves.Yet, we must carry on to the future, with our evolving societies, knowing that no one can turn back the hands of time. The Native Americans cant have their heritage, their land, or their way of life returned to them. Even though there is a need for testament for history and for the preserving of knowledge, customs and culture. There is no other way to learn from the past and go in advance to our future if there is nothing to build upon. Bibliography Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee An Indian History of the American West. Pocket Books, United States (1981)

Adult Attachment Style

Adult Attachment Style Relationships are complicated enough without having to worry round what your attachment mood is. However, the type of attachment style a person is greatly influences what kind of relationship they will have later on in life. When children are young, they develop a unique attachment with the parent(s) or primary caregiver. This attachment is the basic building blocks that help determine what type of attachment style will dominate the different dimensions of relationships throughout adolescents and adulthood.I have recently completed a questionnaire designed to determine specific aspects of adult attachment style. This type of explore is designed to measure the mould of attachment as tie in to anxiety and avoidance associated with adult attachment theories. According to the questionnaire, I scored 2. 60 for attachment related anxiety on a scale of 1-7 one being low and 7 high. My other score was 2. 33 for attachment related avoidance exploitation the same s cale ranging from 1-7 one being low and 7 high. My combined score classified me in the unspoilt quadrant.What this means is that for myself and those who scored in the low range of anxiety and avoidance, and falling in the unshakable quadrant are more likely to have satisfying relationships, are comfortable expressing emotions and tend not to wound from depression and other psychological disorders. One other component is that people with similar attachment styles tend to partner together. I found this to be in truth interesting because I had my husband take the questionnaire and to my surprise he scored 3. 83 attachment-related anxiety, 3. 8 attachment-related avoidanceonly a few points higher than me and he also fall into the ready quadrant. Whatever adult attachment stylesa person is there seems to be a link between the infant and their parent(s)/caregiver relationship, and how it will impact future relationships. Research, theorizes that secure attachment in infancies is the result of the parent seeing to every need of the infant and establishing a loving and safe environment. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth developer of the procedure, known as unconnected Situation provided research offering explanations of individual differences in attachment styles.She identified three main attachments, secure(the category I fall in), insecure avoidant and insecure uncertain concluding that these attachments were the result of early interaction with the mother. I believe that a child has a better chance at becoming a secure and emotionally sound adult when the parent(s) or caregiver(s) establishes positive attachment patterns such as a nurturing relationship anda sense of security. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Mary Ainsworth Attachment Styles. Retrieved from http//www. simplypsychology. org/mary-ainsworth. html

Problem †Based Learning in Teaching and Learning High School Geometry: Its Effects on Students’ Attitude and Performance

CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Setting INTRODUCTION Rationale New math argon discovered and invented everyday and there is a great manifestation of growth recognition of the need among the maths educators to increase the emphasis placed on oc cupfulation solving for all students. (Paja 2001). mathematics evolved over the past few thousand grades in many stages. In high direct maths in Philippine settings involve elementary algebra, intermediate algebra, geometry and advanced algebra.All of these were center in answering questions ab erupt true(a) life. Ordinary people of all ages argon endeavor of maths in which they constructs concepts, discover relationships, invent regularitys, execute algorithms, communicate and solve bothers posed by their own real worlds. (Cangelosis, as quoted by Paja 2001). a good deal times, math is a difficult subject for students who has difficulty in memorizing formulas and using logical thinking.Students discipline hardly anything of what the y are taught but if they learn through and through workforce on and minds on flak (Paja, 2001) and if it will incorporate into everyday activities and in subjects care languages arts, science, genial studies, visual arts, music, physical education, life skills and performing arts. Posadas, as quoted by Paja 2001 give tongue to that they will learn more pissedingfully and with longer retention. Students in todays generation are practical work learners, investigational learners and sociable learner.In pertinent to that mathematics educators should explore another strategy of instruction that caters the needs of the students that we wee-wee today. According to Paja 2001 in his guinea pig on Practical Work Strategy in Teaching and Learning Plane Geometry Its Effects on Students Achievement says that utilizing practical work strategy in teaching and nurture plane geometry with the aid of artful materials has more reaching effect on students achievement in mathematical conten t and process skills than the conventional.Problem establish acquirement is a student centered instructional strategy in which student collaboratively solves problems and reflects on their experiences. (http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Problem-based_learing). Dewey proposed that education should be built on the childs interests and experiences (Ernest, 1991). Education be flummoxs implyingful and real to students when it is connected to them ad hominemly, as opposed to using materials that may be abstract and unrelated to a childs lived reality. (Douglas, 1994).In todays world of education, exercise sets of researches that conducted promoting and encouraging busy learning in mathematics. But still we are searching for other methods in teaching mathematics. In a particular University of Cebu main(prenominal) High work division focuses merely on the tasks of improving students competence on conceptual cognition. In teaching mathematics is usually it is a teacher centered beca use less(prenominal) attempts for students to be involve in every class interaction, performing mathematical processes through investigation and discovery thus enhancing mathematics procedural skills.This tuition aims to pin down the effectiveness of problem based learning on students carriage and exertion in high train geometry in which we seek other strategy that caters the smorgasbord of learners that we have. It forget teachers with suggested teaching strategies that would greatly influence students motivation and enthusiasm as they incur deep understanding of the challenging topics in mathematics. This matter in addition offers a strategy that de sign for individual learning and it encouraged to take responsibility of their crowd and organize and direct learning process with bet on from an instructor.Problem based learning is used to enhance content association and foster the emergence of communication, problem solving and self direction learning skills. THEORE TICAL backdrop Problem based learning (PBL) is an advance to structuring the curriculum which involves confronting students with problems from practice which provide a stimulus for learning. (Buod and Feletti, 1991). They used to enhance content k todayledge and foster the development of communication, problem solving and self directed learning skills.In PBL classes, students also summarize and familiarize their solutions in a culminating experience. The principle role of the teacher in PBL is that of a facilitator or educational coach guiding the learners in the PBL process. Educator is not the sole resource of info, but instead guides students as they search out assign resources. Problem base Learning (PBL) is a student centered instructional strategy in which students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences, rather than learn in the main through lectures or textbooks.Problem based learning require the development of a number of comp angiotensin converting enzyment competences, such(prenominal) as the skills of communication, critical reasoning, logical and analytical approach to problems, reasoned decision making and self paygrade. (Buod and Feletti, 1991). Engel sees problem based learning as a means of developing learning for capability rather than learning for the sake of acquiring experience. The effectiveness of the PBL depends on the spirit of student engagement and the culture of the classroom, as well as the grabness of the problem tasks assigned.Proponents of PBL believe that when students develop their own problem solving procedures, they are integrating their conceptual knowledge with their procedural skills. (Gilo, 2008). In 1960s at McMaster Medical rail, the PBL approach was started wherein the approach actual by the faculty out of the perceived need to produce graduates who were prepared to deal with the information explosion and who could think critically and solve complex problems. This formatio n developed its entire curriculum around PBL. (Buod and Feletti, 1991).However medicine has also been among the pioneers in the application of problem based learning as a means towards rectifying the be situation in undergraduate medical education (Spaulding as quoted by Buod and Feletti, 1991) and post graduate medical education (Jack and Engel as quoted by Buod and Feletti, 1991). Soon aft(prenominal) medicine prepares adopted PBL as their center of instruction not later other fields will be using problem based learning in teaching. The movement has extended into the K-12 arena as well. Camp, 1996). Educators and administrators of the institution wanted students who could think critically, solve problems and work in teams. And many undergraduate institutions began to develop PBL programs and curricula. Aalaborg has one of the most comprehensive undergraduate PBL curriculum, and Maastricnt also has a develop PBL program of information. More recently, in the U. S. , the Univers ity of Delaware has turned attention toward Problem based learning, as has Samford University in Birminghan, Alabama.In addition to these more comprehensive efforts, individual faculty members at more than 300 institutions are using PBL at the undergraduate level (PBL insight, p. 7 as quoted by Gilo, 2008). Through the researches conducted in medical cultivate, we cease formulate expectations about the outcomes of problem based learning. Medical researchers show that problem based learning provides students with the fortune to gain theory and content knowledge and comprehension.According to Schmidt cognitive do of problem based learning are the following (a) initial analysis of the problem and activating of prior knowledge through small- congregation discussion, (b) elaboration on prior knowledge and ready processing of untested information, (c) restructuring of knowledge, construction of a semantic network, (d) social knowledge construction, (e) learning in context, and (f) stimulation of curiosity related to presentation of a relevant problem. Constructivism and Problem Based LearningConstructivism is a philosophical view on how we come to understand or know. It is, in our mind, most closely attuned to the pragmatic philosophy of Richard Rorty (1991) as quoted Duffy and Savery, 2001. We will characterize the philosophical view in monetary value of cardinal primary propositions by Rorty (1991) as well as vonGlaserfeld (1989). Firstly, understanding is in our interactions with the environment. This is the core concept of constructivism. We cannot talk about what is learned separately from how it is learned, as if a variety of experiences all lead to the resembling understanding.Learning takes place only through self activity. (Froebel 1976). Dewey proposed that education should built on the childs interests and experiences. (Ernest as quoted by Douglas, 1994). Since understanding is an individual construction, we cannot share understandings but rather we can rise the degree to which our individual understandings are compatible. An implication of this proposition is that cognition is not respectable within the individual but rather it is a part of the entire context. (Savery and Duffy, 2001).Secondly, cognitive conflict or puzzlement is the stimulus for learning and determines the organization and nature of what is learned. When we are in a learning environment, there is some stimulus or remnant for learning the learner has a purpose for being there. That goal is not only the stimulus for learning, but it is a primary factor in determining what the learner attends to, what prior experience the learner brings to bear in constructing an understanding, and, basically, what understanding is eventually constructed.In Deweys terms it is the problematic that leads to and is the organizer for learning (Dewey, 1938 Savery and Duffy,2001). For Piaget it is the need for accommodation when current experience cannot be assimilated i n existing schema (Piaget, 1977 Savery and Duffy, 2001). Lastly, knowledge evolves through social negotiation and through the evaluation of the viability of individual understandings. The social environment is critical to the development of our individual understanding as well as to the development of the body of propositions we call knowledge.At the individual level, other individuals are a primary mechanism for runneling our understanding. Collaborative conferences are important because we can visitation our own understanding and examine the understanding of others as a mechanism for enriching, interweaving, and expanding our understanding of particular issues or phenomena. As vonGlaserfeld (1989) has noted, other people are the superlative source of alternative views to challenge our current views and hence to serve as the source of puzzlement that stimulates new learning.In PBL, students learn content, strategies and self directed learning skills through collaboratively sol ving problems, reflecting on their experiences, and engaging in self directed inquiry. It established principles of learning which have been explained through observation and research over the past century, principles such as motivation, relevance, practice, active learning and contextual learning operate pregnantly in a PBL environment, and to a much lesser extent in schematic curricula.Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical Conceptual Framework of the Study THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of problem based learning on students positioning and performance in high school geometry to the terzetto year students of University of Cebu Main, Cebu City of the school year 2010 2011. Specifically, the study sought to determine the following 1. The profile of the students performance in the control group and the data-based group during the pre test in terms of their high school geometry performance. . The profil e of the students performance in the control group and the experimental group during the post test in terms of their high school geometry performance. 3. The significant mean gain between the pre test and post test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group. 4. The significant mean gain passing between the control and the experimental groups performance in their high school geometry performance. . The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the traditional teaching among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the control group. 6. The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the problem based learning among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group. Statement of HypothesesHo1 there is no significant difference between the hypothetical mean and the actual mean of the control group and the experimental group during the pre test in terms of their high school geometry performance. Ho2 There is no significant difference between the hypothetical mean and the actual mean of the control group and the experimental group during the post test in terms of their high school geometry performance. Ho3 There is no significant mean gain between the pre test and post test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group.Ho4 There is no significant mean gain difference between the control and the experimental groups performance in their high school geometry performance. Ho5 There is no significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the traditional teaching among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the control group. Ho6 The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the e xposure to the problem based learning among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group.Significance of the Study The effects of problem based learning on students attitude and performance in high school geometry to improve classroom instruction and the quality of education rendered to continuing growing population. This study will benefit the following individual in learning and teaching mathematics in different approach. Students. The students were the primary reason of this study. They would be forthwith affected with the benefits of the study since they were the focus of it.Students would be relieved of the conventional classroom structure which they perceive as boring and unmotivating. They are tending(p) highly appropriate learning experiences to build corroborative attitude and productive individual. Teachers. The findings of this study would be of great help to the teachers not only in mathematics but also in some related theate r of operationss of concern. Teachers at all levels would be able to select appropriate teaching techniques that complement problem based learning. School Administrators.School administrators would as well be benefited by the outcomes of the study and would capture an insight and opportunity to include in the present scope of the mathematics program and help improve the curricular content to adopt students level of learning with the same weight, being in the position, they have the chance to persuade the teachers to adopt problem based learning as part of students learning experiences. Curriculum Writers. The result of this study would also enable the curriculum writers to redesign or restructure curriculum materials which could better facilitate mathematics learning through problem based earning. Scope and Delimitation Content Delimitation The area of the study was the level of performance in high school geometry and the attitudes towards problem based learning of the third ye ar high school students of University of Cebu High School Department Main Campus in the school year 2010 2011. base Delimitation This study was limited to University of Cebu High School Department Main Campus located in corner Sanciangko and Juan Luna Streets, Cebu City. Time Delimitation The study conducted in the school year 2010 2011.Subject and Area Delimitation The subjects of the study were the selected third year high students of University of Cebu High School Department Main Campus in the school year 2010 2011. Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies Observed that teachers are now being encouraged to move away from a tradition of teaching methods that are mechanistic in nature and inappropriate to the ways students learn into a constructivist approach where active learning is emphasized. (Alindada, 199 as quoted in Paja, 2001).A teaching working from a multiculture, social reconstructivist approach attempts to create a learning environment that is as democratic and open as the power asymmetries of the classroom allow, but with explicit recognition of this asymmetry. (Ernest 1991 as quoted by Douglas, 1994). math is our general education component that entails enriching a personal knowledge of the students that includes the opportunity to develop the power to explore, make conjecture and reason logically. This component helps students to locomote broadly educated, creative, cultured, morally pright and productive citizens. (Paja, 2001). mathematics as an interdisciplinary language and tool. Mathematics can be used to help represent, communicate about, and solve problems in many different disciplines. Many jobs and other aspects of responsible adult life in our society require some mathematical knowledge and skills. Problem Based Learning , which encourages students to work in groups to carry out research and think independently to solve problems, is growing into an international movement. Moncure, 2005). According to Stephien and Rosenthal ( 1992) that PBL instruction is designed to provide students with a guided experiences in solving an ill structured problem. It orienting students toward meaning making over fact collecting. They learn via contextualized problem sets and situation. (Rhem, 1998). Ulmer says, this approach gives students immediate feedback. It keeps a constant flow going between teacher and student, and you cantt put a price tag on that. According to the study of Gilo (2008), that PBL can produce socially responsible citizens. This gives the youth a sense of awareness and participation in the community. They love the challenge being the problem solvers and it gives a sense of accomplishment for having been part of the society they belong. PBL is a motivating way to learn as learners are involved in active learning, working with real problems and what they have to learn in their study is seen as important and relevant to their own lives. (http//www. bli. org/pbl/pbl. htm). According to Spence that pr oblem based learning gives you opportunities to examine and try out what you already know discover what you need to learn develop your people skills for achieving higher performance in teams improve your writing and speaking abilities, to state and throw with sound arguments and evidence your own ideas and to lead more flexible in your approach to problems that surprise and dismay others. Despite the work and effort it requires, PBL is never modify and is often fun.Problem Based Learning proponents emphasize that it improves thinking and learning skills and cognitive abilities in students. It has been reported that PBL trained students are more frequent users of libraries and other information resources, which support independent learning. They acquire life long study skills, especially in their early years of study, giving rise to sustained learning. PBL educated students have a more holistic approach to their subject, more readily integrate new information, adapt to change an d work well as member of a team.Generally PBL appears to increase students interest and enjoyment to the subject and enhance their professional development. (Gilo, 2008). Chapter 3 Research Methodology Methodology This study utilized the quasi experimental method with a content group and an experimental group using the pre post tests. The quasi experimental method was used since the subjects in each group were matched in terms of some selected variables such as classroom setting, classroom environment, instruction and academic performance. The study conducted on the second quarter grade.The two groups were given the pre test on solid figures and its measurements to determine the mathematical achievement of each student. Intervention took place after conducting the pre test which lasted for two weeks. The traditional way of teaching was given to the control group and the problem based learning for the experimental group. After four weeks of experimentation a post test was adm inistered to determine the changes in their performance in high school geometry specifically in solid figures and its measurements.Research Environment This research was conducted in University of Cebu High School Department Main Campus is located at the corner of Sanciangko and Juan Luna Streets, Cebu City. It is private non sectarian institution of higher learning. It provides the learners with the essential knowledge, skills and attitudes that allow them to improve their quality of life and increase their opportunities to participate in and benefit from social and economic development.It aspires to provide the learners with academic, scientific, technical and vocational, knowledge, skills and attitudes essential in meeting the demands of time, enhance the individuals emotional, social cultural and spiritual needs deeper the learners awareness and willingness to be pro active in community projects and activities including environment protection and preservation, produce gradua tes who are highly qualified for the world of work. And as testament of its desire to provide est education for the masses, it is now the fastest growing university, if not the most dynamic among all the universities in the city of Cebu in terms of the number of students coming from public and private schools in urban or rural areas. Research Respondents The subjects of the study were the 82 selected third year high school students of University of Cebu Main who are enrolled in the school year 2010 2011. Table 1 The Population of the Study social class and Section Total Population Research Population Sample (n) Percent (%) lead lazuline 41 41 100 ( check into Group) III Jade 41 41 100 ( experimental Group) As indicated in the Table 1, the sections of third year classes were the groups under treatment of the study. The III Sapphire class with 41 students composed the control group while III Jade class with 41 students constituted the experimental group.Research Instruments The instruments in this study were the Mathematics Performance Test and an adopted Mathematics Attitude Scale. The achievement test was a teacher made test about the high school geometry particularly solid figures and its measurement. To measure students attitude in mathematics, Mathematics Attitude Scale was used. This mathematics attitude scale was adopted from the study of Ruyca, 1994. It consisted of 20 positive and negative statements. This attitude questionnaire is a 5 point Likert scale to which the subjects indicate SA for strongly agree, A for agree, U for undecided, D for disagree and SD for strongly disagree.For reliability of the said test, split half method was used. A coefficient of correlation of 0. 74 described that the test was highly reliable. Research Procedures The procedures of the study were done through data accumulation and treatment of data. Data Gathering The researcher secured a written permit with the approval of the high school principal of University of Cebu Main Campus. After the written permits signed and approved by the authorities, the researcher administered a 40 item teacher made test to the 40 third year high school students of University of Cebu Main who are not respondents of the study to establish the validity of the test.When the test was found to be reliable and valid, a pre test was administered to the actual respondents, the third years Sapphire (control group and Jade (experimental group), a week before the experimentation started. The permit is found in appendix A. The III Sapphire and III Jade are the target subjects of the study. The III Sapphire as the control group, which was exposed to traditional method III Jade served as the experimental group, which exposed to problem based learning. In traditional way of teaching, lessons were presented by way of lecture, discussion and demonstration. Follow up exercises were given in a form of seatwork and boardwork every after session. In this approach, teachers play an important role in learning process.All the discussions and presentations were delivered by the teacher. The pacing of the lesson depended on the teachers evaluation of the students performance in their previous activity. to each one lesson was taught for not more than two meetings. After a month of experimentation, a post test was given to evaluate whether the students in the control group gained knowledge in solving the areas, coat area and volume of a plane and solid figures. On the other hand, the 41 III Jade students were exposed to problem based learning. In the PBL, the learner will be given a problem and they were attempting to answer it of the information of what they already know.They will identify what they need to learn to better understand the problem an how to resolve it. Once they have worked with the problem and identified what they need to learn, the learners engage in self-directed study to research the information need by finding an d using a variety of information resources (books, journals, reports, online information, and a variety of people with appropriate areas of expertise). The learners then return to the problem and get into what they learned to their work with the problem in order to more fully understand and resolve the problem. After they have finished their problem work the learners quantify themselves and each other to develop skills in self-assessment and the constructive assessment of peers.Self-assessment is a skill essential to effective independent learning. The faculty in turn become resources, tutors, and evaluators, guiding the students in their problem solving efforts. To measure the attitude of each student towards mathematics who had some through problem based learning and traditional method, a Mathematics Attitude Scale the level of interest, feeling, perception and trend of attitude of the student towards high school geometry in both control and experimental groups were gathered. E ach student was expected to answer the questions for their Mathematical Attitude Scale. Treatment of Data The data that will be gathered will be do by quantitatively.The following statistical treatments will be utilized for appropriate interpretation 1. To determine the profile of the students performance in the control group and the experimental group during the pre test and post test in terms of their high school geometry performance, the z test will be used with the formula pic where z = z test value AM = actual mean HM = hypothetical mean SD = standard release N = number of cases/students 2. To determine significant mean gain between the pre test and post test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group, the t test will be used with the formula pic here t = t test value pic = mean of the control group pic = mean of the experimental group SD1 = standard deviation of the control group SD2 = stan dard deviation of the experimental group N1 = number of cases of the control group N2 = number of cases of the experimental group 3. To determine the significant mean gain difference between the control and the experimental groups performance in their high school geometry performance, the t test will be used with the formula pic where t = t test for the pre post mean gain pic = mean of the difference SD = standard deviation of the difference N = number of cases 4.To determine the significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the problem based learning among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group, the weighted mean will be used with the formula pic wherepic = weighted mean f = frequence n = number of cases level of Significance A 0. 05 level of significance with a two tailed test of statiscal significance for rejecting or accepting the opening was applied in this study. Definition of Terms T his study contains terms and ideas which may vary from its definition. To facilitate a better understanding of the study, some terminologies will be defined based on how they are used operationally.Mathematics Attitude refers to the significant contributors of detractors of effective performance. It is the behaviour shown by the students towards performing mathematics. Traditional Method refers to the ways of teaching mathematics used by teachers who depend on the teachers manual or textbook. It eliminates students experiences that are expected to motivate and sustain interest of the children. Plane Geometry refers to a part of mathematics dealing with the properties and relations of lines, angles, surface and solids. Problem Based Learning refers to a student instructional strategy in which students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences.Student Performance refers to the academic achievement of the student specifically mathematics. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation The presentation, analysis and interpretation of data will be presented after the experimentation of the class will be done and if the data is being gathered. Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Interpretation The summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study will be given after the data is being presented, analyzed and interpreted. Appendix A University of Cebu Main High School Department Sanciangko Street, Cebu City June 15, 2010 DR. AGAPITO P. PINO JR. High School monger University of Cebu Main Sanciangko Street, Cebu City Sir Greetings.The undersigned has come up with a thesis concept entitled PROBLEM BASED LEARNING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING towering SCHOOL GEOMETRY ITS EFFECTS ON STUDENTS ATTITUDE AND PERFORMANCE In this connection, she would interchangeable to request permission to conduct an experimental study with the third year students (III Sapphire, Control Group and III Jade, Experimental Group), who are enrolled in school year 201 0 2011. Your favourable consideration and approval will be highly appreciated. Very sincerely yours yours, (Sgd. ) Judy G. Gutang Recommending Approval MARCELO T. LOPEZ (Sgd. ) President, SUC III Cebu Normal University Appendix B Mathematics Attitude Scales (Adopted from Maxima Ruyca) Name _______________________ Year ____ Sex ___ Age ____ Date _____Directions Each of the statement of this opinionnaire expresses a feeling, which a particular person has towards mathematics. Your answer is correct if it expresses your own opinion. This is not a test and you are not to be graded. Do not deteriorate any item. You are to express, on a five point scale, the extent agreement between the feeling in each statement and your own personal feeling. You are to check the better which indicators how closely you agree or disagree with the statement. The five point scale are SA Strongly accept A Agree U Undecided D Disagree SD Strongly Disagree. SA A U D SD 1.I am always under a terribl e strain in Mathematics class. 2. I do not like Mathematics and it scares me to have to take it. 3. Mathematics is very interesting to me and I enjoy Mathematics course. 4. Mathematics is fascinating and fun. 5.Mathematics makes me feel scared and at same time it is stimulating. 6. My mind goes blank and I am unable to think clearly when working with Mathematics. 7. I feel a sense of insecurity when working with Mathematics. 8. Mathematics makes me feel uncomfortable, restless, irritable and impatient. A U D SD SA 9. The feeling that I have towards Mathematics is a good feeling. 10. Mathematics makes me feel as if I am lost in a jungle of numbers and I cant find my way out. 11. Mathematics is stimulating I enjoy a great deal. 12. When I hear the word Mathematics I have a feeling of dislike. 13. I approach Mathematics with a feeling of hesitation, resulting from a fear of not being able to do it. 14. I really like mathematics. 15.Mathematics is a course in school, which I have always enjoyed studying. 16. It makes me nervous to even think about having to do Mathematics problem. 17. I have never liked Mathematics. 18. I am happier in a Mathematics classes than any other class. 19.I feel at ease in Mathematics and I like it very much. 20. I feel a definite positive reaction toward Mathematics and it is enjoyed. UNIVERSITY OF CEBU HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS Examination Performance TestSubject / Year Level Mathematics III Number of Items 40Teacher Miss Judy G. Gutang SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES CONTENTS TIME FRAME % ALLOCATION NO.OF ITEMS LEARNING DOMAIN ITEM PLACEMENT vitrine OF TEST Apply formulas in solving problems Applying I. 1 10 Multiple Choice involving areas AREAS 4 hours 25% 11 Solving Solve problems on surface areas of Applying I. 11 25 Multiple Choice solid figures SURFACE AREAS 6 hours 37. % 15 Solving Problem Solving Solve problems on volumes of solid Applying I. 26 40 Multiple Choice figures VOLUMES 6 hours 37. 5% 14 Solving Problem Solving TOTALS 16 hours 100% 40 University of Cebu High School Department PERFORMANCE TEST Name __________________________ Year and Section __________ Score ____ I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Use pic. 1. set the area of a circular rug with 8. 5 cm r. a. 182. 98 cm2b. 196. 68 cm2c. 226. 98 cm2 d. 53. 41 cm2 2. visit the area of a trapezoid whose acme is 6 cm and whose bases are 4 cm and 2 cm, respectively. a. 18 cm2b. 12 cm2c. 10 cm2d. 8 cm2 3. A triangle has an area of 65 ft2 and a base of 6 ft. What height corresponds to this base? a. 12 2/3 ftb. 13 2/5 ftc. 18 1/3 ftd. 1 2/3 ft 4. occur the height of a parallelogram whose area is 74 mm2 and a base length of 27 mm. a. 2. 70 mmb. 2. 74 mmc. 2. 47 mmd. 2. 41 mm 5. What is the area of the base in the figure at the right? a. 12 cm2b. 14 cm2 c. 21 cm2 d. 84 cm2 6. A foursquare garden has a perimeter of 43m. What is its area? a. 151. 53 m2b. 151. 56 m2c. 151. 26 m2d. 115. 56 m2 7. The area of the rectangle is 162 in2. How wide is the figure if its 9 in long? a. 12 in b. 16 in c. 18 in d. 20 in 8. What is the area of a 3. 2 ft square board? a. 10. 24 ft2b. 14. 20 ft2c. 41. 20 ft2d. 40. 21 ft2 9. Calculate the area of the shaded region in the figure. a. 8. 34 in2b. 9. 3 in2c. 10. 25 in2d. 11. 43 in2 10. A man is buying a lot for P5,000 per square meter. If the lot is 20 m long and 15 m wide, how much will he pay for it? a. P9. 2Mb. P8. 1Mc. P3. 5Md. P1. 5M 11. How many 4 inch square tiles are needed to cover a floor whose length is 12 feet and whose width is 8 feet? a. 486 tilesb. 648 tilesc. 684 tilesd. 864 tiles 12. The lateral area of a pyramid is 228 ft2. Find the area of the base if it has a sur face area of 372 ft2. a. 84 ft2b. 98 ft2c. 112 ft2d. 144 ft2 13. A volley ball has a diameter of 12 cm. What is its surface area? a. 425. 31 cm2b. 452. 34 cm2c. 452. 39 cm2d. 452. 49 cm2 14.The side of a cube measures 6. 1 cm. How much foil is needed to completely cover its surface? a. 223. 36 cm2b. 226. 98 cm2c. 148. 84 cm2d. 37. 21 cm2 15. The sum of the areas of the bases of a cylinder is pic ft2. Find its wheel spoke. a. 6ftb. 8 ftc. 10 ftd. 12 ft 16. The side of a cube has length 9 cm. Find its surface area. a. 336 cm2b. 486 cm2c. 508 cm2d. 660 cm2 17. How much plastic is needed to manufacture five plastic balls of radius 2 cm? a. 521. 38 cm2b. 512. 33 cm2c. 215. 38 cm2d. 251. 33 cm2 18. Find the amount of cardboard needed to make a birthday hat with radius 4 in and a slant height of 10 in. a. 125. 7 in2b. 162. 7 in2c. 216. 5 in2d. 261. in2 19. A right cylinder has a lateral area of 2,480 cm2. The height is 16 cm. Find the radius of the cylinder. a. 7. 03 cmb. 8. 07 cmc. 9. 23 cmd. 10. 37 cm 20. The circumference of a basketball is 40. 8408 cm. What is its surface area? a. 453. 93 cm2b. 530. 93 cm2c. 533. 35 cm2d. 563. 53 cm2 21. How much paper is needed for the label of Youngstown sardines having a radius of 2 in and a height of 4. 2 in? a. 52. 78 in2 b. 95. 56 in2c. 99. 25 in2d. 112. 12 in2 22. Which of the statements is TRUE? a. No two spheres have the same volume and surface area. b. The lateral faces of a rectangular prism have two pairs of equal areas. c.The surface area of a sphere is equal to the area of the Great Circle. d. The area of the base of a cone is lwh. 23. What is the radius of a cone whose area of its base is 22. 46 in2? a. 7. 62 inb. 6. 72 inc. 2. 67 ind. 1. 76 i 24. Two identical cubes, whose volume is 125 cm3, are placed side by side to forma rectangular prism. Find the surface area of the new solid. a. 150 cm2b. 250 cm2c. 350 cm2d. 450 cm2 25. The sum of the area of the bases of a rectangular prism is 120 ft2. How long is the soli d if its width is 5 ft? a. 3 ftb. 4 ftc. 5 ft d. 6 ft 26. The surface area of a triangular pyramid, having four congruent faces, is pic mm2. How long is the base if its height is picmm. a. ftb. 6 ftc. 8 ftd. 10 ft 27. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The ratio of volume of the cone to the volume of the cylinder is 31. b. The volume and surface area of a sphere can be equal. c. The volume of an irregular object can be determined by water displacement. d. No two cubes have equal volume. 28. How would the volume of the square pyramid be affected if the height is doubled? a. the sameb. doubledc. tripledd. quadrupled 29. Find the volume of a cube 3 meters high. a. 9m3b. 18 m3c. 27m3d. 54 m3 30. A spherical shekels has a radius of 1. 5 cm. What is its volume? a. 14. 16 cm3b. 17. 07 cm3c. 28. 26 cm3d. 10. 60 cm3 31.Find the amount of space contained in a book 12 in by 1. 5 in by 6. 1 in. a. 89. 01 in3b. 180. 9 in3c. 109. 80 in3d. 801. 9 in3 32. How much sand is contained in a can whose height is 5 inches and radius is 1. 5 in? a. 53. 32 in3b. 35. 34 in3c. 33. 53 in3d. 52. 33 in3 33. The volume of a pyramid is 20 m3. If its height is 12 cm, find the area of the base. a. 5 cm2b. 10 cm2c. 15 cm2d. 20 cm2 34. The height of a 7. 1 ft by 4. 2 ft waterbed mattress is 2. 5 ft. Find its volume. a. 79. 785 ft3b. 79. 857 ft3c. 79. 758 ft3d. 79. 875 ft3 35. The water content in an aquarium ispic. How high is it if it is 2 ft long and 1. 7 ft wide? a. 1. 8 ft b. 2. 4 ftc. 3. 1 ftd. 3. 3 ft 36.A credit line is 1200 ft long and has a diameter of 4 ft. How much cubic feet of gas can the pipe hold? a. 15,087. 68 ft3b. 17,950. 68 ft3c. 19,057. 86ft3d. 19,571. 68ft3 37. How much greater is the new volume than the original rectangular prism if its height is doubled and its height is halved? a. twiceb. the samec. thriced. cant be determined 38. The radius and height of an change Nido can are 4 in and 11. 8in, respectively. How much water it contains if it is one half fu ll? a. 296. 56 in3b. 296. 67 in3c. 296. 57 in3d. 296. 67 in3 39. A softdrink cup is cylindrical in shape. Its volume is 628 cm3 and the radius is 5cm. How deep is the cup? a. 6 cm b. 8 cmc. 9 cmd. 10 cm 40.A stalactite in Bukilat Cave in Camotes, Cebu is shaped like a cone. It is 2. 5 ft and has a diameter at the roof of 1. 2 ft. Find the volume of the stalactite. a. 2. 83 ft3b. 3. 28 ft3c. 8. 23 ft3d. 8. 32 ft3 CURRICULUM VITAE JUDY G. GUTANG PERSONAL PROFILE Age25 years old Birth dateMarch 26, 1985 SexFemale Civil positioningSingle ReligionRoman Catholic CitizenshipFilipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Cebu Normal University Master of Arts in Education major in Mathematics Units Earned 27 units Cebu Normal University Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Mathematics Graduated 2006 Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School (Basak National High School)Graduated 2002 Don Vicente Rama Memorial Elementary School (Basak Elementary School) Graduated 1998 WORK EXPERIENCE University of Cebu Main Campus High School Teacher (Math) 2007 present Cebu Normal University Office Clerk Accounting Department whitethorn 29, 2006 January 1, 2007 Cebu Normal University Student Assistant Accounting Department January 2003 September 2005 EXAMINATIONS PASSED Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) Secondary Level August 2006 SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED Innovations in Classroom Teaching January 31, 2009 Computer Aided Instruction Seminar-Workshop November 29, 2008 Lecture Forum on Numerical Analysis October 11, 2008Seminar/Workshop on Strategies and Techniques in Teaching Mathematics for High School September 27, 2008 Good Citizenship Values Formation August 30, 2008 Book Launch and Seminar on Teaching Skills and Strategies declination 1, 2007 Seminar on Empowering Teachers with Strategies Anchored on Learner- Centered Paradigm October 24, 2007 Lecture-Demonstration on Innovations in Teaching Mathematics August 13, 2007 Restructuring Learning Strategies and Experiences P aradigm Reflective of the UC Secondary Education Vision-Mission-Goals (Year Three) May 16 June 8, 2007 Wellness Seminar September 20, 2006 Living Values Education Program January 27 29, 2006 Basic Training Course for Unit LeadersSeptember 30 October 2, 2005 CONSTRUCTIVISM THEORY suffer test Achievement Attitude Pre test Achievement Attitude ? Understanding comes from our interaction with our environment. ? Cognitive conflict stimulates learning. ? Knowledge evolves through social negotiation and evaluation of the viability of individual understanding. Traditional Approach Control Group III Sapphire Control Group III Sapphire Problem Based Learning Experimental Group III Jade Experimental Group III Jade Structured Plan in Mathematics (High School Geometry)

A History of Violence, Released in 2005

A History of Violence, released in 2005, is an American crime thriller which demonstrates and relates to numerous topics discussed in Psychology An Exploration. assorted psychological disorders and theories can be seen throughout the film. Tom Stall, the main character, kills two robbers in self defense and becomes a hero. However, his over night popularity thrusts him into the spotlight and causes members of an organized crime family to begin harassing Tom and his family. The mobsters claim Tom is not who he portrays himself to be.In the beginning of the film, two sought after criminals nonchalantly murder motel workers and a young girl. They exhibit no regret or emotions after the killings and continue on their crime spree. Next they are shown casually plotting a robbery to invite cash and a free meal. The two men walk into the restaurant, demand service, and attempt to assault and murder the workers and patrons within. However, their scheme is abruptly ended when Tom Stall, th e restaurant owner, kills both robbers.Both of these criminals displayed antisocial characteristics. In chapter 12, Psychological Disorders, an antisocial person or sociopath is defined as lacking in conscience or morals users and con artists who experience no regret or strong emotions. This definition defines the robbers psyche faultlessly. Intermediately in the film, Tom Stalls son, diddlyshit stall is shown being bullied. Bobby has continually harassed and bullied Jack for no apparent reason. Usually Jack tells jokes and ignores Bobbys constant harassment.However, in this particular scene, Jack has had sufficient and retaliates. Bobby is an adolescent and may be dealing with a psychosocial crisis discussed in chapter 7, Development Across the Life Span. Eriksons identity versus role confusion is defined as the fifth acquaint of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. Bobby may have come into this stage without successfully comple ting the earlier four stages. The aftereffect of such an occurrence may be a juvenile delinquent like Bobby.His acts of bullying may be his way of fitting in or being cool. Tom also has a daughter, Sarah Stall. In one particular scene Sarah is awakened in the mediate of the night by a bad dream. She wakes up screaming and expressing her concern of monsters being in her room. Tom rushes to his daughters aid and the rest of the family presently follows suit. Tom and others comfort the little girl and emphasize that she is safe and has nothing to be afraid of and should go back to sleep.Sarah eventually calms down and is able to go back to sleep. Chapter 7 discusses numerous parenting styles. One of those styles is authoritative parenting which is defined as a style of parenting in which parents combine warmth and affection with firm limits on a childs behavior. Although Toms first instinct was to comfort Sarah and ease her mind he also made it clear that it was bed eon and time fo r her to quiet down and rest. Tom displayed a perfect example of authoritative parenting.After repeatedly denying accusations and claims of being an ex-gangster named Joey, Tom finally admits to his wife Edie that he was indeed involved in organized crime. Edie is disgusted by Toms confession and becomes ill. She lashes out and says, What are you? Like some multiple personality schizotypal personality Tom is stunned by her anger but replies by saying I went out to the dessert and I killed him (Joey). I spent three days becoming Tom Stall Schizophrenia is defined chapter 12 as a severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and unfitness to distinguish fantasy and reality. Although Toms life as a small town restaurant owner was completely false, he knew this and could distinguish the exit between fantasy and reality. Tom may have somewhat displayed symptoms of Schizophrenia but a different delusional disorder may be a be tter diagnosis.

Discuss the Types of Unemployment and the Benefits of Controlling It In the UK Essay

Un traffic is the number of people out of work who be actively seeking employment at the current wage places. To be actively seeking work you must be of working age 16-64 for males and 16-59 for females and not economically inactive. That means you buttnot be in full time education, be on a training scheme, tolerate retired early or be raising children at home. To measure unemployment in the UK the political relation uses two methods to quantify the rate. The first is the Labour Force Survey, in a monthly survey of a sample of households representing the entire population. The surveys are establish on the activities of each person of working age in the households, within a one hebdomad period.A person who did any work during that week for pay or profit, worked 15 hours or much as an unpaid worker in a family business, or had a job from which he or she was temporarily absent, is counted as diligent. A person who was not working but was looking for work or was on a temporary lay -off and available to restoration a job is counted as unemployed. The second is the claimant count, where the government activitys collect figures on the number of people claiming unemployment benefits from the DSS. This second method often gives lower values as they is probably to be many people who do not except the benefits, purely on principal or be actor they do not fill the extra cash. in that location are five main types of unemployment which all affect the economy in different ways. These are cyclical or demand deficient unemployment, frictional unemployment, seasonal worker unemployment and structural unemployment.The first of these, cyclical or demand deficient unemployment is based around what go away happen to demand in a recession. When the economy goes into a recession there is a rise in unemployment as there is insufficient demand within the economy. This is really totally a goldbrick edge cause to unemployment, because when in recession the economy is in dis correspondence. However macroeconomic forces will work to restore the economy to its long form proportionality, however in the short run there will be unemployment.In a recession the demand curve will shift left to D2. With the wage rate remaining constant at W in the short term there will be unemployment of GE created. In response macroeconomic forces will cause one of two changes. Either the economy will move out of recession, causing the demand curve to shift right and back to the equilibrium point of W , E. Else if the economy stays in recession the forces will cause the wage rate to drop to Y and cause the number of workers employed to rise to F. However as the economy moves out of recession the demand curve will shift right, causing the economy to move back towards its equilibrium at W , E.The second types of unemployment, frictional unemployment is the term used to define workers who have recently lost a job and are in short term unemployment until they find further employm ent. There is always turnover of labour in a free market, so frictional unemployment is not regarded as a major problem.Seasonal unemployment is when workers work within an diligence that only requires them to be employed at certain times of the year. For example in the tourist industry workers tend to work in the summer, but are then laid off in autumn months before taking up their jobs again the beside spring. There is very little that can be done to prevent seasonal unemployment in a market where the demand for labour varies throughout the year. morphological unemployment is when the demand for labour is less than the supply in an individual labour market. There are three main examples of this. Regional unemployment, where different areas of the country have different rates of unemployment and because of a lack of factor mobility, labour is not able to freely move between regions and balance unemployment.Sectoral unemployment is when workers from one industry are unable to adap t to a different industry, wherefore not being able to follow the changes in demand. Finally if technological unemployment, where technology advances and replaces manual labour, therefore without retraining workers would not have the skills to operate these machines and therefore would not be suitable for the demand of labour.Controlling the rate of unemployment in the UK is going to be a key element in the performance of the UK economy. The rate of unemployment is at once related to real GDP. So in both the short run and the long run if the economy is to grow then unemployment most be controlled. The rate of unemployment will in like manner determine the kind of policy the government will have in place to boost the economy, although this is also based on the type of government in power. The current labour government are Keynesian economists and believe that in the long run there may be mass unemployment. They also use fiscal policy, which is a demand side policy.So their economi c goals will depend a lot on the long term unemployment levels that are predicted. If the government are predicting a period of sustained unemployment they are likely to be aiming at lowering inflation. Whereas if they predict full employment they can aim for increased GDP. Because of the shape of the long run aggregate supply curve, both these goals can be achieved without altering any other elements of the economy.To lower inflation the demand function would need to be shifted left. This could be achieved by an increase in the matter Insurance contributions of workers. This would cause more of peoples income being taken in taxation leaving them with less money to spend on goods and services, which would cause a decrease in the total demand in the economy. To help increase economic growth the total demand in the economy would need to be increased. This would need a shift left in the demand function, which could be caused by a fall in interest rates. This would cause more people to borrow money and less to save, leaving more money in the economy which will increase the demand for goods and services.If unemployment can be kept low then the costs of unemployment are minimised as well. Not only do the government have to spend less on unemployment benefits but also have less trouble with crime and vandalism, which will also save them valuable money. Also everyone will have more money to spend, not only the previous unemployed, but also previous taxpayers as the government will require less money from them. This will increase total money in the economy and cause the aggregate demand to shift right, which will cause the growth of the economy to increase.So sustainable unemployment is good for the economy as it enables the government to set goals and work towards them around the long term predictions for unemployment rates. This is only an option if unemployment is kept in a boundary. Else if it is too fluctuated then it is hard to judge what the government will ne ed to do from one day to the next.However controlling unemployment may not always be a good involvement. For example because unemployment is directly related to economic growth, if you are controlling unemployment then you are also controlling economic growth. This will not be a good thing as the economy is at its most efficient when economic growth is climbing at a rate constant to the economy, not controlled by the government.

Homicide in Puerto Rico Essay

Crime is non a new phenomenon in any society and it is the duty of the various sections or branches of the criminal justice systems to ensure that their citizens ar safe. Peace and harmony are among the major goals of any criminal justice system. Homicide which refers to the cessation of the life of a person by an former(a)(a) could be in two major forms the planned or fountainhead premeditated in addition termed as executing or due to some circumstances or at the spur of the moment or manslaughter.Various theories of plague draw been coined to let off horror and delinquency in the society and they range from psychological, biological, conflict, social disorganization, social training as thoroughly as feminist theories of crime. (Burke R, 2005). The psychological and biological theories tend to explain why specific individuals tend to commit crime and are foreign when explaining trends of crime in a given region. Feminist theories also tend to be inclined on the role of g ender in explaining crime and whitethorn also not be appropriate in explaining increasing crime rates in general.The social conflict, social disorganization, social learning theories can be used to explain the homicide rates in Puerto Rico. An exploration of the various theories of crime places the criminal justice system in a better position to respond to crime in the society with improved prevention as well as sanctioning strategies. Strain surmise The Mertons theories of crime also cognize as the achieve theories argue that deviance in the society is as a result of a discrepancy between the societal or culturally even out aspirations and the legally acceptable means to realize them.In this regard, the society is blamed for the crime rates within its jurisdiction. Setting goals for her members and then failing to passport the appropriate or institutionally acceptable means to realize them leaves the members of the society in awkward or confused situation. A clear illustration is how Americans have been socialized to embrace the American Dream where minting wealth and material gain are highly venerated. However, the same society fails to resolve the constraints that would deter the Americans from realizing this goal forcing them to make in various ways that whitethorn not be in line with the expectations of the society.The Merton strain surmise can best be applied to explain crime rates in poverty stricken regions where out of frustrations the poor behave in different ways as they try to meet the expectations of the society. (Clinard M, 1967). check to Mertons theory, some act as conformists and accept the societal set goals and values as well as the institutionally acceptable means of realizing them. much(prenominal) people pose no threat to the society in as far as crime and deviance is concerned.Others are viewed as ritualists who reject the set goals by the society though they accept or rather respect the institutionally acceptable means of atta ining the set goals. Others are deemed as rebels who reject the societal goals and values as well as the legitimate means of realizing the said goals. These include the drug and alcohol addicts who result into this habit due to the realization that they cannot attain the societal set goals. To Merton, the innovators are those who accept the societal or culturally set aspirations but reject the socially acceptable means of realizing these goals. Burke R. 2005).The innovators are a threat to the societal peace and harmony as they may embrace criminal approaches to attain the set goals. They include drug traffickers as well as prostitutes who indulge in these activities as a way of attaining wealth and material gain as has been stipulated in the American Dream. Modern strain theorists have expounded on Mertons ideology to embrace other culturally set expectations for instance those affecting the young person people that are not inevitably related to wealth or material gain.In other speech, they adopt a social aspect in addition to the economic aspect coined by Merton. These include the desire for academic and sports excellence as well as fame. To them, ones relations also plays a vital role in determining peoples behavior where those who interact with people favoring deviant behaviors exit tend to be deviant while those favoring conformity entrust not be a security threat to the society. The general strain theory as coined by Akers can be used to explain why the young people engage in drugs and this could further be associated with crime such as homicides.Strain in this context is associated with depression, disappointment, fear and anger which trigger the desire to revenge against the society or which lead to the adoption of coping mechanisms that favor criminal behavior rather than conformity to the societal norms and values. Bearing in headspring the poverty conditions in Puerto Rico this theory can be applied to explain the escalating homicide rates in the region. The argument here is that some people will engage in drug trafficking business as a way of accumulating wealth and material gain and can be viewed as innovators.On the other hand, some will engage in drug consumption and wickedness due to their desperation or as an act of revenge against the society. Drug abuse will be rampant for the young people who are likely to engage in gangs favoring the use of drugs after dropping out of schools. Homicide rates will also be higher among the gang members and this is made easier by the higher availability of arms. (Peffer R, 2002). The social learning theory of crime The social learning theory of crime can also be used to explain crime and delinquency in society.Unlike the biological theories that blame criminal behavior on peoples biological makeup, this argues that crime is not an inherent behavior but a learnt behavior. This theory was coined by Ronald Akers and was an improvement of Sutherlands differentiation theory where he argued that crime portrays learning as an interactive relationship whose success revolves around effective communication. It is thought to take place among people with intimate or close relationships such as family and friends.To learn crime, individuals learn the techniques used from those with the experience. They also get to learn of the motives or drives of committing the crimes they engage in. Another vital aspect learnt in this process is the rationalization as well as attitudes that favour crime. Sutherland suggests that the period or time of contact is quite influential in determining the associations made. differential gear associations tend to vary in frequency, duration as well as their intensity.People learn the motives of crime from the definition of legal codes and behaviour is termed as gold or unfavourable and that which is defined as favourable will be highly embraced while the unfavourable will unfavourable will be avoided. (Sutherland E and Cressey D, 1970). The belief of this theory is that people become delinquent due excess definitions that favour the violation of law rather than adherence to it. In other words meanings are awarded and respected and will vary with varying conditions.Akers developed Sutherlands work by emphasizing on the role of imitation as well as reinforcement in learning crime. This theory can be used to explain the homicide rates in Puerto Rico where peer influence plays a role in encouraging drug use which in turn triggers indulgence in crime. Interactions with people who define drug use as a favorable act will see the young people engage in drugs to fit in. With time they will rationalize their behavior and after imitating the other gang members they will internalize the use of drugs.Such people are more likely to engage in crime to finance their habits and some may result to drug trafficking. People under the influence of drugs may have an impaired reasoning or judgment capacity and they may comfortably murder tho se they perceive as a threat to their existence in business. Others may kill in the process of committing other crimes such as robbery with the set about of financing their drug addiction. (Montalvo-Barbot A. , 1997). A limitation of this theory is that it ignores the probability of attracting conformity thus causing no threat to the societys security.This theory also ignores the role of individual reasoning or decision making process. Some people are not taught to kill and others engage in drugs and eventually crime due to personal reasons rather than being influenced by peers and family members. The social learning theory of crime also fails to offer adequate explanations regarding the origin or crime but only discusses how crime is spread. Another critic is that it is single sided in the sense that it focuses on those who are non criminals. It also assumes that all people have an affect access to criminal and anti criminal behaviour. (Akers R, 2000).